Abstract
The suitability of bacteria application as fillers to reinforce calcium chloride cured sodium alginate film was investigated through the determination of the physical, morphological and mechanical properties of composite films. There were six species of bacteria isolated from palm oil mill effluent sample. The bacteria sample selected for filler reinforcement has a sub-micron diameter of 0.83 ± 0.13 µm. The growth curve of selected bacteria revealed that four days of broth culture produced the maximum bacteria mass. The composite films were produced with reinforcement of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g and 0.4 g of bacteria respectively. Overall, the increment of bacteria mass resulted in the production of yellowish composite films with improved morphological, physical and mechanical properties. The results revealed that the composite films reinforced with 0.3 g and 0.4 g of bacteria appeared to have less curling on the surface of the film. The water absorption properties of the films were initially 140.74% and remained constant at an approximate of 200% after the reinforcement. The tensile strength properties showed a total increment of approximately 22.70% (from 36.10 ± 1.94 MPa to 44.29 ± 0.60 MPa). Based on the results, bacteria fillers were not able to enhance the elongation properties because only about 0.6% of overall increment was observed which was considered insignificant. It was concluded that the bacteria biomass has the potential to be used as fillers to reinforce calcium chloride cured sodium alginate film.
Highlights
The rapid development of modern science and technology, which focuses on industrial evolution, economy and environmental protection, had led the researchers to a new material designing era in which high-performance composite materials were introduced to replace or improve most of the other materials [1].The composite material is a type of complex with the multi-phase and multi-component system, consisting of the matrix material, reinforced material, and composed of matrix phase, reinforcement phase and interphase [2]
The suitability of bacteria as fillers to reinforce calcium chloride cured sodium alginate film was investigated through the determination of the morphological and mechanical properties of films reinforced with a different mass of bacteria
Composite films with and without the reinforcement of bacteria were analyzed in order to determine whether the addition of bacteria affected the morphological, physical and mechanical properties including water absorption properties (%), tensile strength (MPa), and percentage elongation (%) of the film
Summary
The rapid development of modern science and technology, which focuses on industrial evolution, economy and environmental protection, had led the researchers to a new material designing era in which high-performance composite materials were introduced to replace or improve most of the other materials [1]. The source of raw materials for small-sized filler production which is renewable and abundantly available is required to ensure the quantity and quality of filler produced [11]. From this point of view, bacteria are a suitable source as they can be found anywhere and are cultured in enormous quantity. This research aimed to employ the calcium chloride cured sodium alginate film as the matrix material while using the bacteria as reinforcing fillers. The suitability of bacteria as fillers to reinforce calcium chloride cured sodium alginate film was investigated through the determination of the morphological and mechanical properties of films reinforced with a different mass of bacteria. Composite films with and without the reinforcement of bacteria were analyzed in order to determine whether the addition of bacteria affected the morphological, physical and mechanical properties including water absorption properties (%), tensile strength (MPa), and percentage elongation (%) of the film
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