Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance has been independently associated with cardiac diseases. A free fatty acid is recently known to induce cardiac insulin resistance due to low-grade inflammation. Therefore, the improvement of free fatty acid levels can also improve cardiac insulin resistance. This study investigated the combination of green tea and decaffeinated-light roasted green coffee extract in improvement of free fatty acid-induced cardiac insulin resistance by improving the adiponectin/FAS pathway. Methods: This study used 25 males Sprague-Dawley rats induced by a high-fat high sucrose diet and injection of low dose streptozotocin to make a metabolic syndrome (MS) rat model and standard chow as healthy control rats. The MS rats were treated with green tea (200 mg/ b. w.), decaffeinated-light roasted green coffee (300 mg/ b. w.), and the combination of both extracts in 9 weeks. Experimental groups in this study were divided into 5 groups: 1) MS (HFHS diet + STZ) group, 2) NC (normal chow) group, 3) GT (green tea extract) group, 4) GC (decaffeinated-light roasted green coffee extract), 5) CM (combination of both extracts) group. Adiponectin and HOMA-IR level was analysed using ELISA, and the gene expression of Adipo-R1, FAS, PI3K, PDK1, Akt, GLUT4 was measured by RT-PCR. Results: The combination of green tea and decaffeinated-light roasted green coffee showed synergistic effects in improving FFA levels. The adiponectin/FAS pathway was attenuated in the CM group. Moreover, the combination also showed improvement in cardiac insulin resistance markers such as IRS1/2, PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GLUT4. Conclusions: The combination of green tea and decaffeinated-light roasted green coffee extract improved cardiac insulin resistance better than green tea and green coffee extract administration alone by reducing free fatty acids levels through adiponectin/FAS pathway modulation.
Highlights
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) features, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance has increased and is associated with excessive food consumption.[1]
This study investigated the combination of green tea and decaffeinated, light roasted green coffee extract to improve free fatty acid-induced cardiac insulin resistance by improving the adiponectin/fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway
Animals were grouped as the previous study as follows: i) normal control group (NC) that were assigned to standard chow without STZ injection; metabolic syndrome rats were obtained after HFHS diet and low dose STZ injection intraperitoneally at the second week of the protocol
Summary
The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) features, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance has increased and is associated with excessive food consumption.[1]. One of the natural compounds that are widely consumed is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which is mainly derived from green tea leaves.[14] Many studies have investigated the beneficial effect of green tea administration and its constituents in alleviating metabolic syndrome Most of those studies revealed that green tea administration modulated insulin sensitivity, reduced blood glucose level, and improved lipid profile in metabolic syndrome animal models.[15,16,17] FFAs-induced insulin resistance and hyperglycemia-induced cardiac fibrosis could be attenuated by EGCG administration in vivo.[18] chlorogenic acid (CGA), a phenolic compound in green coffee beans, has been another natural compound derivative that could alleviate metabolic syndrome.[19,20] CGA potentiates insulin activity similar to the therapeutic mechanism of metformin[21] but does not induce obesity, unlike thiazolidinedione (TZD) or insulin therapy.[22] A previous study showed that CGA improved FFAs metabolism in rats hepatic tissue.[23] green coffee extract administration has detrimental effects due to the caffeine content,[24,25,26] and the CGA antioxidant activity depends on the roasted level of green coffee beans.[27,28] this study used decaffeinated lightroasted green coffee beans to avoid the detrimental effects of caffeine content and reach the highest antioxidant activity of CGA. This study investigated the combination of green tea and decaffeinated, light roasted green coffee extract to improve free fatty acid-induced cardiac insulin resistance by improving the adiponectin/FAS pathway
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