Abstract
In this work, magnesium hydroxide NPs were synthesized using water (Mg(OH)2 NPs) or a rose hip (RH) extract (Mg(OH)2RH NPs) and tested for the bone cells’ effects in co-cultured osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells, using a Transwell® insert system, allowing reciprocal cell paracrine interactions. Behavior of each cell population was characterized for typical phenotype markers, at days 1 and 6. Cell cultures treated with osteogenic/osteoclastogenic inducers were used as positive control of cell differentiation. The NPs presented a round shape morphology with an average diameter ~90 nm (Mg(OH)2 NPs) and below 10 nm (Mg(OH)2RH NPs. Both NPs induced osteoblastic and osteoclastic behavior similarly to that observed in induced osteoblastic and osteoclastic cultures (positive controls). Differences between the two types of particles were evident at the gene expression level. Compared to Mg(OH)2 NPs, the green-synthesized NPs greatly increased the expression of osteoblastic genes coding for the early markers ALP and collagen type 1 and the later transcription factor osterix, while decreasing the expression of osteoclastogenic genes, namely the essential transcription factor NFATC1, TRAP and the genes coding for the functional markers CA2 and CTSK. Overall, a positive added effect could be hypothesized for Mg(OH)2RH NPs with potential usefulness to promote bone formation in regenerative applications.
Highlights
Bone remodeling, occurring continuously in the bone microenvironment, is a process that comprises an equilibrium between bone resorption by the osteoclasts and bone formation by the osteoblasts, involving other cells, such as osteocytes, bone lining cells, endothelial and immune cells, to achieve bone health [1,2]
When compared with the nanoparticles synthesized without Rose hip (RH) extract, with mean diameters of 90 nm [19], the Mg(OH)2 RH NPs are almost 10 times smaller
Magnesium hydroxide NPs produced by a classical chemical process (Mg(OH)2 NPs), or green-synthesized using a rose hip extract (Mg(OH)2 RH NPs) were evaluated in an indirect co-culture system of osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells, which allowed reciprocal paracrine interactions between the two cell types
Summary
Bone remodeling, occurring continuously in the bone microenvironment, is a process that comprises an equilibrium between bone resorption by the osteoclasts and bone formation by the osteoblasts, involving other cells, such as osteocytes, bone lining cells, endothelial and immune cells, to achieve bone health [1,2]. Appropriate bone cell culture systems are widely used tools, contributing to the understanding of the cellular events and underlying mechanisms both in healthy conditions and in cases of bone disorders due to metabolic or bone defects In this context, and targeting a translational approach, direct and indirect co-cultures of bone cells are advantageous models as they allow mimicking the interactions between the two main cells involved in bone metabolism, namely the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts, in an in vitro environment. Targeting a translational approach, direct and indirect co-cultures of bone cells are advantageous models as they allow mimicking the interactions between the two main cells involved in bone metabolism, namely the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts, in an in vitro environment These systems do not allow us to study what occurs during a remodeling cycle, where bone resorption is followed by bone formation and occurs simultaneously in different bone sites, they provide. Studies have focused on bone formation, less on bone resorption and scarcely on the two cell types interactions [3]
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