Green synthesis of ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles and vinyl resin with effective antifouling properties

Abstract

The demand for non-toxic antifouling protective paint or coating, intended to restrict the development of germs on surfaces exposed to water, has witnessed a remarkable surge in recent times. In this study, From Avicennia Marina, ZnO nanoparticles were isolated, while chitosan nanoparticles were obtained from shrimp shells. The synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles comprising ZnO and chitosan was successfully achieved through reflux conditions. Assessment of the morphology and various approaches were used to determine the size of ZnO-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles, including as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). ZnO-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles' effectiveness was evaluated using a range of laboratory biological experiments. ZnO-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles were tested for their efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) at a dose of 50 μg/mL, while their impact on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was tested at a concentration of 25 μg/mL. Furthermore, Isochrysis galbana was significantly inhibited by these nanoparticles, with an inhibition rate of approximately 99 % after 48 h. The panel with the best and most effective outcomes contained 3 wt% ZnO-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles (The lowest measured weight of biofouling was 30.997 g). The results suggest that hybrid nanoparticles comprising ZnO and chitosan, along with vinyl resin incorporation, exhibit superior performance in terms of antifouling, antibacterial, and antialgal properties compared to both ZnO and chitosan nanoparticles.