Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Development and applications

Abstract

Wastewater from pharmaceutical industries contains different antibiotics and other effluents that directly affect the environment. For the degradation of antibiotics, nanotechnology is an emerging field in research that majorly focuses on molecules and atoms. Nanoparticles are fine micro-particles with more than one dimension from a size of 1–100 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles can directly be used for the process of degradation of antibiotics in wastewater. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are majorly used among nanoparticles due to their small surface area and particle size. There are various physical, chemical and conventional (biological) methods for synthesizing titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly, less expensive and harmless approach, and these methods are much more efficient than any other physical-chemical means. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are used for different purposes. In food products, these nanoparticles act as photocatalysts and are also used as a coating material in food packaging. Electrochemical biosensors are combined with titanium dioxide nanoparticles for developing nano sheet matrices. Furthermore, this review describes the usage of biological components (plants, microorganisms like fungi and bacteria) to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The present review also focuses on applying synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in various drug delivery systems and other bioactivities. • Explored green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by various approaches. • Different types of nanoparticles along with applications are described. • Diverse characterization of synthesized nanoparticles are discussed. • Importance of biological synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles are surveyed.