Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Acorus calamus Leaf Extract and Evaluating Its Photocatalytic and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity

Vasi Uddin Siddiqui,Mohd Rafatullah,Md Khursheed Akram,Mahmoud A Hussein,Afzal Ansari,Abeer M Alosaimi,Wahid Ul Rehman,Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi

doi:10.3390/catal12020181

Abstract

Here, we present an innovative and creative sustainable technique for the fabrication of titania (TiO2) using Acorus calamus (A. calamus) leaf extract as a new biogenic source, as well as a capping and reducing agent. The optical, structural, morphological, surface, and thermal characteristics of biosynthesized nanoparticles were investigated using UV, FTIR, SEM, DLS, BET, and TGA-DSC analysis. The phase formation and presence of nanocrystalline TiO2 were revealed by the XRD pattern. FTIR analysis revealed conjugation, as well as the presence of Ti–O and O–H vibrational bands. The nanoparticles were noticed to be globular, with an average size of 15–40 nm, according to the morphological analysis, and the impact of size quantification was also investigated using DLS. The photocatalytic activity of bare, commercial P-25 and biosynthesized TiO2 (G-TiO2) nanoparticles in aqueous solution of rhodamine B (RhB) dye was investigated under visible light irradiation at different time intervals. The biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited strong photocatalytic activity, degrading 96.59% of the RhB dye. Different kinetic representations were utilized to analyze equilibrium details. The pseudo-first-order reaction was best suited with equilibrium rate constant (K1) and regression coefficients (R2) values 3.72 × 10−4 and 0.99, respectively. The antimicrobial efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles was investigated using the disc diffusion technique. Further, biosynthesized TiO2 showed excellent antimicrobial activity against the selected gram-positive staining (B. subtilis, S. aureus) over gram-negative (P. aeruginosa, E. coli) pathogenic bacteria in comparison to bare TiO2.

Highlights

The recent progress in nanotechnology has caught the interest of scientists across a wide range of disciplines because it could be used for the detection, diagnosis, and purification of environmental contaminants [1]
The XRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and SEM results showed that the biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were globular and ranged in dimensions from 15 to 40 nanometer
The dye degradation activity of the synthesized nanoparticles suggests that TiO2 nanoparticles are more involved in rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation than conventional hydrogen peroxide, which needs the use of a catalyst

Summary

Introduction

The recent progress in nanotechnology has caught the interest of scientists across a wide range of disciplines because it could be used for the detection, diagnosis, and purification of environmental contaminants [1]. The study of nanostructures requires a better understanding of the crystal form with a suitable structure that can be achieved through a new design and simple synthesis methods [2]. The eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles has seen tremendous progress in nanoscience and its application in a wide range of fields such as the catalysis, antimicrobial [3], anticancer [4], target-specific drug delivery [5], and agriculture [6] fields. Several biosynthesis methods have been suggested in order to develop potential sustainable synthesis techniques to reduce the use of hazardous materials for nanomaterials [7]. Textile dyes discharged into nearby water during the dyeing process have become a serious health threat for individuals and their surroundings

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Conclusion