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Abstract
The novelty of this study is twofold: AgNPs were obtained and characterized using Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium), Humulus lupulus (H. lupulus), and Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) plants extracts; moreover, a green and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts was developed. This paper discusses new approaches about the synthesis of AgNPs. T. vulgaris, H. lupulus, and A. absinthium, which are renewable and common plants, perfect as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The extracts and synthesized AgNPs were characterized by various physico-chemical, phytochemical, morphological scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDS) and transmission electron microscope scanning (TEM), and antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity of extracts and AgNPs were also assessed by 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (TFPH•) scavenging assays. Extracts/AgNPs showed significant antioxidant activity in all cases. A. absinthium/AgNPs, H. lupulus/AgNPs, and T. vulgaris /AgNPs displayed activities against DPPH• (0.14 ± 0.00; 0.11 ± 0.00 and 0.14 ± 0.00 mmol/g), ABTS•+ (0.55 ± 0.05; 0.86 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.05 mmol/g), respectively. TEM analysis confirmed the average particle size, it estimated t A. absinthium/AgNPs–46 nm, H. lupulus/AgNPs size of synthesized particles was 42 nm and T. vulgaris/AgNPs–48 nm. SEM analysis revealed that T. vulgaris/AgNPs showed in solitary cases as snowflake-like, branched, but in a general spheric shape, H. lupulus/AgNPs were wedge-shaped, and A. absinthium/AgNPs were the spherical shape of the synthesized AgNPs. EDS analysis confirmed the purity of the synthesized AgNPs with a strong signal at 3.2 keV. A. absinthium/AgNPs, H. lupulus/AgNPs, and T. vulgaris/AgNPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains compared to their respective pure extracts. It is concluded that AgNPs synthesized in extracts have a broad range of biological applications, which can be used as an eco-friendly material without having negative effects on the environment.
Highlights
Nanotechnology and nanoscience are essential for many industry fields and sciences.Nanosized materials have unique chemical, optical, and physical properties and antimicrobial activity
The results showed that the total amount of proanthocyanidins, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, phenolic content, and flavonoids decrease after synthesized silver nanoparticles in all extracts (Table 1)
The results revealed that all plant extracts were potentially effective in suppressing microbial growth bacteria with
Summary
Nanotechnology and nanoscience are essential for many industry fields and sciences.Nanosized materials have unique chemical, optical, and physical properties and antimicrobial activity. Green synthesis of NPs has gained a great deal of attention because of its advancement over chemical and physical methods as it is cost-effective, environmentally-friendly, as well as it does not require use of high pressure, energy, temperature, and toxic chemicals [1]. Various nanomaterials such as gold, copper, zinc, magnesium, titanium, and silver were used for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms [2,3,4,5]. Physicochemical, and technological parameters, in particular, the size, morphology, and stability of AgNPs, depend on the method of preparation of extract, nature of the solvent, mixing ratio, concentration, pH, and temperature of the reaction mixture [2,4]
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