Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticle embedded into chitosan-pectin polymeric composite as an efficient nanocatalyst in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair

Abstract

A new and efficient nanocatalyst, CS-Pec/Pd NPs, was developed using a simple and effective synthesis approach. This nanocatalyst exhibited outstanding performance and reusability in promoting Suzuki reactions involving variety of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid. The chitosan-pectin (CS-Pec) matrix acted as a reliable bio template, facilitating the in situ reduction and stabilization of Pd nanoparticles, all without the need for harmful chemicals. Pd(0) nanoparticles were evenly dispersed over the functionalized surface of CS-Pec. Detailed characterization of the nanocatalyst was carried out using advanced techniques, including FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, EDS-elemental mapping, and XRD. The CS-Pec/Pd NPs nanocatalyst was tested in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, demonstrating excellent functional group compatibility and consistently achieving good to high yields of biphenyl products. Moreover, the nanocatalyst displayed superior catalytic activity and maintained high efficiency even after multiple reaction cycles, underscoring its potential as a sustainable and recyclable catalyst. CS-Pec/Pd NPs were successfully utilized to inhibit abnormal angiogenesis and fibrosis at the injury site. The histological test showed an increase in chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis due to the presence of CS-Pec/Pd NPs, as well as a decrease in the formation of abnormal vasculature. The research revealed that the application of CS-Pec/Pd NPs expedited the recovery process post-injury within a span of three weeks. Additionally, we emphasized the advantageous impact of CS-Pec/Pd NPs on facilitating the development of cartilage in a controlled laboratory environment. Within the field of immunology, the CS-Pec/Pd NPs exhibited a reduction in the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, MMPs, and p-p65 expression. The cellular redox homeostasis modulation linked to the Nrf2 pathway may be the cause of this phenomenon. The findings of this study ultimately validated the beneficial effects of CS-Pec/Pd NPs in enhancing the restoration of osteoarthritis articular cartilage