Green synthesis of Pd nanocones as a novel and effective electrochemiluminescence illuminant for highly sensitive detection of dopamine

Abstract

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted significant interest because of its superior properties and potential applications in bioanalysis, and therefore many luminescent nanomaterials have been developed. Herein, well-defined Pd nanocones (Pd NCs) were facilely obtained by a one-pot hydrothermal method with poly-l-lysine (PLL) as a green protecting ligand, which were mainly characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Then, the as-obtained Pd NCs were first explored as an anodic ECL emitter, where tripropylamine (TPA) worked as the coreactant to boost the ECL emission. The possible ECL mechanism of Pd NCs/TPA system was extensively explored by ECL and electrochemical techniques. Briefly, the ECL emission underwent the oxidation-reduction route, in which both Pd NCs and TPA were initially oxidized, and then the oxidized TPA lost an proton to form reducing agent (TPA·) strongly reacted with the oxidized Pd NCs generating Pd NCs* for the emission. Furthermore, using dopamine (DA) as an ECL quencher, an ultrasensitive sensor was constructed for DA detection. The fabricated ECL sensor shows high sensitivity and selectivity, good stability, and wide linear range with the low detection limit of 0.46 pM. It offers a new avenue to exploit ECL illuminant and enriches the ECL emission theory.