Green synthesis of nanoparticles with extracellular and intracellular extracts of basidiomycetes.

Elena Vetchinkina,Valentina Nikitina,Timofey Pylaev,Andrey Burov,Ekaterina Loshchinina,Maria Kupryashina

doi:10.7717/peerj.5237

Elena Vetchinkina, Valentina Nikitina + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5237

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Abstract

Au, Ag, Se, and Si nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous solutions of HAuCl4, AgNO3, Na2SeO3, and Na2SiO3 with extra- and intracellular extracts from the xylotrophic basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa. The shape, size, and aggregation properties of the nanoparticles depended both on the fungal species and on the extract type. The bioreduction of the metal-containing compounds and the formation rate of Au and Ag nanoparticles depended directly on the phenol oxidase activity of the fungal extracts used. The biofabrication of Se and Si nanoparticles did not depend on phenol oxidase activity. When we used mycelial extracts from different fungal morphological structures, we succeeded in obtaining nanoparticles of differing shapes and sizes. The cytotoxicity of the noble metal nanoparticles, which are widely used in biomedicine, was evaluated on the HeLa and Vero cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the Au nanoparticles was negligible in a broad concentration range (1–100 µg/mL), whereas the Ag nanoparticles were nontoxic only when used between 1 and 10 µg/mL.

Highlights

Nanoparticles have unique catalytic, electronic, magnetic, chemical, photoelectrochemical, and optical properties and are important in technology and medicine
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that depending on the extract type and on the compound reduced, the nanoparticles made by different fungi differed widely in shapes and sizes
A comparison of the results shows that the acquired intense red–lilac (Au) and Ag nanoparticles obtained with mycelial mat extracts of L. edodes are more homogeneous, have a smaller size, and are spherical; they are better suited for biotechnological applications

Summary

Introduction

Nanoparticles have unique catalytic, electronic, magnetic, chemical, photoelectrochemical, and optical properties and are important in technology and medicine. Au nanoparticles are highly stable, low reactogenic, and biocompatible They generally lack specific toxicity, come in a variety of shapes, have unique optical and electronic properties, and can be used in optics, electronics, catalysis, and biomedicine (diagnostics, therapy of cancer and other diseases, and drug and gene delivery) (Daniel & Astruc, 2004; Chauhan et al, 2011; Austin et al, 2014; Shah, Badwaik & Dakshinamurthy, 2014; Sherwani et al, 2015; Versiani et al, 2016). Nanoparticles of elementary Se are more biocompatible and less toxic than selenite and selenate Their biological activity includes antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, which opens broad possibilities for their use in biology and medicine, including the use as nutritional supplements (Wadhwani et al, 2016; Skalickova et al, 2017)

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