Abstract

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and nanohydroxyapatite (NHAP) were prepared in the presence of date palm pits extract (DPPE) and eggshells, respectively. Another four nanocomposites were prepared from ZnO and NHAP in different ratios (ZP13, ZP14, ZP15, and ZP16). DPPE and all nanomaterials were characterized using GC-MS, zeta potentials, particle size distributions, XRD, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and pHPZC. The characterization techniques confirmed the good distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of NHAP in the prepared composites. Particles were found to be in the size range of 42.3–66.1 nm. The DPPE analysis confirmed the presence of various natural chemical compounds which act as capping agents for nanoparticles. All the prepared samples were applied in the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under different conditions. ZP14 exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity (596.1 mg/g) at pH 8, with 1.8 g/L as the adsorbent dosage, after 24 h of shaking time, and the static adsorption kinetic process followed a PSO kinetic model. The photocatalytic activity of ZP14 reached 91% after 100 min of illumination at a lower MB concentration (20 mg/L), at pH 8, using 1.5 g/L as the photocatalyst dosage, at 25 °C. The photocatalytic degradation of MB obeyed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood first-order kinetic model, and the photocatalyst reusability exhibited a slight loss in activity (~4%) after five cycles of application.

Highlights

  • Nowadays, the rapid increase in population and progress in different industries such as textiles, leather, dyeing, cosmetics, paints, and paper manufacturing are causing a major pollution problem in the world [1]

  • By comparing the techniques that have been used for the removal of pollutants, we found that adsorption and photocatalysis techniques are considered to be the most important techniques for wastewater purification, because both are economically efficient and fast, with reusable solid material and low energy use

  • date palm pits extract (DPPE) plays an important role as a stabilizing agent and inhibits nanoparticle ag3.1

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Summary

Introduction

The rapid increase in population and progress in different industries such as textiles, leather, dyeing, cosmetics, paints, and paper manufacturing are causing a major pollution problem in the world [1]. Toxic pollutants in water bodies can cause many problems for human and animal health [3,4]. Methylene blue dye is considered to be a dangerous cationic dye [6]. It is a heterocyclic phenothiazine dye with an allowed limit of

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