Abstract
Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are known to synthesize nanoparticles both extra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis. Nanotechnology in conjunction with biology gives rise to an advanced area of nanobiotechnology that involves living entities of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin, such as algae, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, bacteria, viruses, yeasts, fungi, and plants. Every biological system varies in its capabilities to supply metallic nanoparticles. However, not all biological organisms can produce nanoparticles due to their enzymatic activities and intrinsic metabolic processes. Therefore, biological entities or their extracts are used for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles through bio-reduction of metallic particles leading to the synthesis of nanoparticles. These biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles have a range of unlimited pharmaceutical applications including delivery of drugs or genes, detection of pathogens or proteins, and tissue engineering. The effective delivery of drugs and tissue engineering through the use of nanotechnology exhibited vital contributions in translational research related to the pharmaceutical products and their applications. Collectively, this review covers the green synthesis of nanoparticles by using various biological systems as well as their applications.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is amongst the most widely used technologies in translational research
The unexplored potential of viruses in the manufacture of nanometer scale structures of different varieties have been reported elsewhere (Shenton et al, 1999; Merzlyak and Lee, 2006). They deliver inorganic substances such as cadmium sulfide (CdS), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc sulfide (ZnS), and iron oxide (Fe2O3). Semiconductor substances such as CdS and ZnS are utilized in electronic goods and hold importance in the electronics industry
Improvement of reliable and eco-friendly processes for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a significant step in the field of applied nanotechnology
Summary
Nanotechnology is amongst the most widely used technologies in translational research. Plant derived polysaccharides and phytochemicals nanoparticle (Park et al, 2011), soluble starch (Raveendran et al, 2003), cellulose (Cai et al, 2009), dextran (Ma et al, 2005), chitosan (Laudenslager et al, 2008), alginic acid (Saha et al, 2009), and hyaluronic acid (Kemp et al, 2009) may be harnessed and studied for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles successfully These compounds offer benefits of using less toxic chemical compounds and render capability to create nanocomposites with different metals. The addition of Ag or Au salts to low concentrations of TMV prior to including plant extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana (Round-leaved native tobacco) or Hordeum vulgare (Barley) showed a decrease in the size of the synthesized nanoparticles It accelerated their numbers as compared to those having no viral supplement (Love et al, 2014) showing relatively small free nanoparticles formation at higher TMV concentrations. Semiconductor substances such as CdS and ZnS are utilized in electronic goods and hold importance in the electronics industry
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