Abstract
In this study, procyanidins fractions of dimers and trimers (F1–F2) from the Leucosidea sericea total extract (LSTE) were investigated for their chemical constituents. The total extract and the procyanidins were employed in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and fully characterized. Au NPs of 6, 24 and 21 nm were obtained using LSTE, F1 and F2 respectively. Zeta potential and in vitro stability studies confirmed the stability of the particles. The enzymatic activity of LSTE, F1, F2 and their corresponding Au NPs showed strong inhibitory alpha-amylase activity where F1 Au NPs demonstrated the highest with IC50 of 1.88 µg/mL. On the other hand, F2 Au NPs displayed the strongest alpha-glucosidase activity at 4.5 µg/mL. F2 and F2 Au NPs also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, 1834.0 ± 4.7 μM AAE/g and 1521.9 ± 3.0 μM TE/g respectively. The study revealed not only the ability of procyanidins dimers (F1 and F2) in forming biostable and bioactive Au NPs but also, a significant enhancement of the natural products activities, which could improve the smart delivery in future biomedical applications.
Highlights
Unlike the physical and chemical protocols, the green synthesis offers a variety of advantages in line with the principles of green chemistry [1]
The Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–mass spectrometer (MS)) analysis of the Leucosidea sericea total extract (LSTE) (Figure 1) showed wide range of m/z (M-H) ions, which indicated the presence of different phenolic compounds including phenolic acids (ferulic (m/z 195/Rt 1.52 min)/quinic (191/2.72)/hydroxyferulic (209/24.26) and caffeic (177/17.18) acids); flavonones ((luteolin (285/9.76), quercetin (301/23.09), hyperoside (463/17.34), kaempferol galactoside (447/18.95) and kaempferol rutinoside (593/23.95)) and procyanidin dimers (577/10.89, 11.98; B type)
The preliminary screening of the L. sericea total extract showed the potential of generating stable Au NPs
Summary
Unlike the physical and chemical protocols, the green synthesis offers a variety of advantages in line with the principles of green chemistry [1]. The resources employed are often plant materials that are readily available, accessible and affordable [2]. Plants contain complex structures that can be used in the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles, requiring no external stabilizers [3]. Small quantities (in grams) from part of the plant, e.g., the leaves, are usually enough for synthesis [5,6]. Among other great benefits of synthesizing and applying nanoparticles through the green route is their biocompatibility [5]. Many green synthesized nanoparticles have demonstrated interesting biological activities [5,10] including antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties
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