Abstract
How to design a simple and scalable procedure for manufacturing multifunctional carbon-based nanoparticles using lignocellulosic biomass directly is a challenging task. Based on the green chemistry concept, we developed a novel one-pot solution-phase reaction to prepare carbon-encapsulated magnetic nano-Fe3O4 particles (Fe3O4@C) with a tunable structure and composition through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of Fe2+/Fe3+ loaded rattan holocelluloses pretreated with ionic liquids (EmimAc and AmimCl). The detailed characterization results indicated that the Fe3O4@C synthesized from the holocelluloses pretreated with ionic liquids (ILs) under alkaline conditions tends to have a higher saturation magnetization, probably due to the increased iron ions loading. Moreover, increasing the HTC temperature led to an increased abundance of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the synthesized particles and an elevated saturation magnetization. When EmimAc-treated holocelluloses were used as the carbon precursors, well-encapsulated Fe3O4@C nanoparticles were obtained with a maximum saturation magnetization of 42.6 emu/g. This synthetic strategy, coupled with the structure of the iron carbide-based composite and the proposed mechanism, may open a new avenue for the development of carbon-encapsulated iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles.
Highlights
Carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (CEMNs) have distinctive structures and chemistry that make them have a high potential as absorbents [1,2] and electrodes [3,4] and in microwave adsorption [5], oxidative degradation [6], catalysis [7], and biomedical functions [8]
The broad peaks centered at 18◦ for the nanoparticles synthesized at 230 ◦C and 280 ◦C correspond to the amorphous structure of polymer-like carbons [22], indicating that these corresponding feedstocks have been carbonized as carbon
The Fe3O4 particles (Fe3O4@C) nanoparticles were obtained after the regeneration of EmimAc-dissolving holocelluloses and were stable under different hydrocarbonization temperatures
Summary
Carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (CEMNs) have distinctive structures and chemistry that make them have a high potential as absorbents [1,2] and electrodes [3,4] and in microwave adsorption [5], oxidative degradation [6], catalysis [7], and biomedical functions [8]. Novel Co@C core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by using a straightforward low-temperature carbonization process [17] For these carbon precursors being homogeneously dispersed or dissolved in water, the prepared CEMNs achieved a complete core-shell structure and excellent application performance. Its use as a carbon precursor is definitely more complex than that of simple sugars due to a higher degree of structural complexity and its insolubility in water It is, the purpose of the present study to contribute towards extending HTC from complex biomass to the convenient synthesis of CEMNs. Inspired by a highly efficient biomass dissolving system, in this work, we designed a novel method for fabricating Fe3O4@C composites with complete core-shell structures and high saturation magnetization through a green wet chemical route under hydrothermal conditions. The synthesized products may have promising applications in clinical diagnostics, therapeutics, molecular biology, bioengineering, catalysis, and magnetic storage devices
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