Green synthesis of calcium nanoferrites using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea for photocatalysis of malachite green dye

Abstract

The calcium ferrite nanoparticles were made by the sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and UV–vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the material. There is an orthorhombic phase in the space group Pnma. There were four techniques used to calculate the average crystallite size. Using ImageJ software, the particles were aggregated and their size was ascertained. Using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the composition of the material was ascertained. 2.29 eV was determined to be the band gap. Vibrating test magnetometer (VSM) provided an explanation for the materials’ magnetic property. A decreased band gap energy is responsible for the 90% degradation of malachite green dye at a concentration of 15 mg/L in 150 min, with a four-cycle reusability.