Abstract
Medicinal plants are often used as reducing agents to prepare metal nanoparticles through green-synthesis due to natural compounds and their potential as chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, three types of eco-friendly Ag-MnO2 nanoparticles (Ag-MnO2NPs) were synthesized using C. majus (CmNPs), V. minor (VmNPs), and a 1:1 mixture of the two extracts (MNPs). These NPs were characterized using S/TEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR methods, and their biological activity was assessed in vitro on normal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and skin melanoma cells (A375). All synthesized NPs had manganese oxide in the middle, and silver oxide and plant extract on the exterior. The NPs had different forms (polygonal, oval, and spherical), uniformly distributed, with crystalline structures and different sizes (9.3 nm for MNPs; 10 nm for VmNPs, and 32.4 nm for CmNPs). The best results were obtained with VmNPs, which reduced the viability of A375 cells up 38.8% and had a moderate cytotoxic effect on HaCaT (46.4%) at concentrations above 500 µg/mL. At the same concentrations, CmNPs had a rather proliferative effect, whereas MNPs negatively affected both cell lines. For the first time, this paper proved the synergistic action of the combined C. majus and V. minor extracts to form small and uniformly distributed Ag-MnO2NPs with high potential for selective treatments.
Highlights
The need to understand how organisms function at ultrastructural levels helped filling the gap between different domains such as metallurgy, renewable energy, cosmetics, food industry, or medicine, where more often scientists look for eco-friendly alternatives in the world of bacteria, fungi, or even viruses
The plant extracts used in this study (i.e., C. majus and V. minor) facilitated the formation of uniformly distributed NPs
Three types of Ag-MnO2 nanoparticles with crystalline structure resulted with the use of: C. majus (CmNPs), V. minor (VmNPs), and a 1:1 mixture of the two extracts (MNPs)
Summary
The need to understand how organisms function at ultrastructural levels helped filling the gap between different domains such as metallurgy, renewable energy, cosmetics, food industry, or medicine, where more often scientists look for eco-friendly alternatives in the world of bacteria, fungi, or even viruses. This facilitated the evolution of nanotechnology towards interdisciplinary applications, especially for medical purposes. The NPs are defined as nanoscaled structures that do not exceed 100 nm in size and have physical, chemical, and biological properties that differ from those of the bulk material, primarily due to an increased surface to volume ratio of the former [1,2]. Due to their importance in clinical applications, the NPs are intensively investigated, and major progress was made in recent years on green synthesis techniques of nanomaterials and on assessing their biological effects on living organisms [3,4].
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