Green Synthesis and Characterization of 4'-Hydroxy-4-Nitro Chalcone using Grinding Techniques

Abstract

<p>The challenge of developing environmentally friendly synthesis methods for biologically active compounds remains a significant focus in green chemistry. This study aimed to synthesize 4'-hydroxy-4-nitro chalcone from 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde using a grinding technique and then characterize the synthesized compounds. The 4'-hydroxy-4-nitro chalcone was synthesized via the Claisen-Schmidt grinding method for 45 minutes at room temperature. The grinding results were extracted with chloroform. The formed crystals were tested for purity by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and further purification was carried out by recrystallization. The synthesized chalcone was characterized using <strong>FTIR,<sup> 1H</sup>-NMR</strong>, and <strong><sup>13</sup>C-NMR</strong> spectroscopy. The chalcone was also tested for antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The results showed that 4'-hydroxy-4-nitro chalcone could be successfully synthesized from 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde using the grinding technique, yielding orangish-white crystals with a 70.63% yield and a melting point of 173°C. Purity was confirmed by TLC, and structural characterization was achieved through <strong>FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H-NMR</strong> and <strong><sup>13</sup>C-NMR</strong> spectroscopy. Antibacterial testing revealed that the synthesized chalcone produced a clear zone diameter of 9.27 mm against <em>S. aureus</em> and 27.88 mm against <em>E. coli</em>. These results indicate that the compound has relatively strong antibacterial activity against <em>E. coli</em> and relatively weak activity against <em>S. aureus</em>. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the green synthesis method and provides valuable insights into the antibacterial properties of 4'-hydroxy-4-nitro chalcone</p>