Green Route Synthesis and Molecular Docking of Azines Using Cellulose Sulfuric Acid under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract

A novel catalytic approach for the synthesis of symmetric and asymmetric azines has been developed. The environmentally benign protocol was achieved via condensation of 1-[(2-thienyl)ethylidene]hydrazine (1) with different aromatic aldehydes 2a–h and acetyl heterocyclic compounds (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) in the presence of cellulose sulfuric acid (CSA) as the green catalyst. These procedures offer an interesting method for the large-scale industrial manufacture of azines due to their high percentage yield, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate range, and utilization of an economical and environmentally acceptable catalyst. Additionally, the molecular docking of the products to the monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) target protein was achieved to highlight the possible binding interaction with the amino acid residues Arg51, Glu43, Gly22, Gly49, Gly443, Ala272, Ile335, and Tyr407 at the point of binding. The binding interaction energy was discovered to be (− 6.48 kcal/mol) for the protein MAO-A (PDB ID: 2Z5X). The most effective azine derivatives 7 and 13 revealed some major conserved interactions between the MAO-A protein’s binding site amino acid residues and the PDB co-crystal ligand 2Z5X. Moreover, azine derivatives 3a and 3f showed the lowest binding activity with the target MAO-A.