Green Route Synthesis and Characterization Techniques of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Biological Adeptness

Abstract

The development of the most reliable and green techniques for nanoparticle synthesis is an emerging step in the area of green nanotechnology. Many conventional approaches used for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis are expensive, deadly, and nonenvironmental. In this new era of nanotechnology, to overcome such concerns, natural sources which work as capping and reducing agents, including bacteria, fungi, biopolymers, and plants, are suitable candidates for synthesizing AgNPs. The surface morphology and applications of AgNPs are significantly pretentious to the experimental conditions by which they are synthesized. Available scattered information on the synthesis of AgNPs comprises the influence of altered constraints and characterization methods such as FTIR, UV–vis, DLS, SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, etc. and their properties and applications. This review focuses on all the above-mentioned natural sources that have been used for AgNP synthesis recently. The green routes to synthesize AgNPs have established effective applications in various areas, including biosensors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cancer treatment, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), antimicrobial agents, drug delivery, gene therapy, DNA analysis, etc. The existing boundaries and prospects for metal nanoparticle synthesis by the green route are also discussed herein.