Abstract
Graphene, a remarkable material, is ideal for numerous applications due to its thin and lightweight design. The synthesis of high-quality graphene in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner continues to be a significant challenge. Chemical reduction is considered the most advantageous method for preparing reduced graphene oxide (rGO). However, this process necessitates the use of toxic and harmful substances, which can have a detrimental effect on the environment and human health. Thus, to accomplish the objective, the green synthesis principle has prompted researchers worldwide to develop a simple method for the green reduction of graphene oxide (GO), which is readily accessible, sustainable, economical, renewable, and environmentally friendly. For example, the use of natural materials such as plants is generally considered safe. Furthermore, plants contain reducing and capping agents. The current review focuses on the discovery and application of rGO synthesis using extracts from different plant parts. The review aims to aid current and future researchers in searching for a novel plant extract that acts as a reductant in the green synthesis of rGO, as well as its potential application in a variety of industries.
Highlights
Academic Editor: Francesco TornabeneSince its discovery in 2004, graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) carbon atom bonded through sp2 hybridization, has received widespread recognition due to its superior electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties [1,2]
Gurunathan and co-workers demonstrated a successful reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using spinach leaf extract (S-reduced graphene oxide (rGO)), which had significant biocompatibility with primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (PMEF) cells in various assays
Moosa and Jaafar (2017) demonstrated that rGO mediated by Camellia sinensis leaf extract added to sand showed a high level of removal efficiency for lead ions in an aqueous solution
Summary
Since its discovery in 2004, graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) carbon atom bonded through sp hybridization, has received widespread recognition due to its superior electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties [1,2]. The Staudenmaier method was refined based on the Brodie method, with the addition of an intercalant composed of sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) and HNO3 This method resulted in the efficient production of graphite oxide. The Improved Hummer’s method was developed by substituting NaNO3 with a 1:9 mixture of H2 SO4 and phosphoric acid (H3 PO4 ) This method results in a more oxidized graphite oxide with a more regular carbon structure and a larger sheet size, while avoiding the production of harmful gases [11]
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