Abstract
In this paper, two green receivers with antenna turn-off and multi-level-mixed-ADC resolution design are proposed for massive MIMO systems, such as 5G networks and Internet of Things (IOT). For practicality, a generic power consumption model for massive MIMO receivers, including ADC resolution, symbol detection, and receiver circuits, is considered. The two proposed green receivers are formulated to minimize power consumption with respect to their individual spectral efficiency (SE) constraints, which are aimed at obtaining the optimal solution of the number of active receive antennas and corresponding multi-level-mixed-ADC resolutions. First, the proposed schemes enable the number of active receive antennas to be equal to the number of receive antennas. Second, a variant of the decremental searching and dynamic programming (DSDP) method is conducted to obtain the correspondingly optimal candidate of the multi-level-mixed-ADC resolution. Third, decrease the number of active receive antennas by 1 and then conduct the variant of DSDP again to search the correspondingly optimal resolution candidate of multi-level mixed ADCs. Fourth, repeat these mechanisms to obtain all optimal multi-level-mixed-ADC resolution candidates for different numbers of active receive antennas. Last, the number of active receive antennas and the corresponding multi-level-mixed-ADC resolution candidate, which achieve the minimum power consumption, are chosen as the optimal solution. In addition, a novel mechanism for accelerating the work of searching the number of turn-off antennas has been designed in the proposed receivers. The simulation results show that compared to DSDP, the two proposed green receivers can provide the advantage of the adjustable flexibility of power consumption with different SE requirements.
Highlights
The demand of high Quality of Service (QoS) for modern communications has rapidly increased
A Flop is the unit of a complex multiplication or an addition [26]; μ0 represents the Flops for the computational complexity of symbol detection at the receiver; bm is the analogto-digital converters (ADCs) resolution bits of the mth receive antenna; Pb is a constant for the power consumption of ADCs’ resolutions, whose units are watts; and Pc represents other circuit power of one RF chain
CONCLUDING REMARKS In this paper, we have proposed two green receivers with the optimal multi-level-mixed-ADC resolution vectors and corresponding number of active receive antennas for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
Summary
The demand of high Quality of Service (QoS) for modern communications has rapidly increased. The large number of antennas deployed in massive MIMO systems cause a significant increase in power consumption, hardware cost, and system complexity [14], [15]. To facilitate massive MIMO technologies for green communications, concurrently considering the power consumption of RF chains and symbol detection is a novel and important issue. Two green receivers with antenna turn-off and multi-level-mixed-ADC resolution design are proposed for massive MIMO systems. Due to the large number of antennas deployed at the receivers of massive MIMO systems, the physical footprint of the antenna arrays needs to be smaller to fit the compact demand This requirement may cause severe mutual-coupling and correlation effects between adjacent antenna elements, which will lead to performance degradation [27]–[29]. Mutual-coupling is a vital issue in massive MIMO systems but beyond the scope of this paper
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