Green Logistics and Health in OBRI Economies: Does Social Marketing Matter?

Lingyun Zhang,Hsu Ling Chang,Alican Umut,Yin Dai

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.851344

Abstract

In this study, our primary focus is to capture the impact of green logistics and social marketing on health outcomes in One Belt Road Initiative (OBRI) countries over the time period 2007–2019. Two estimation techniques, i.e., 2SLS and GMM, are employed to get the estimates of our variables. Findings of the 2SLS model confirmed the negative impact of green logistics on infant mortality in OBRI, European, MENA, and Asian countries. On the other side, the relationship between green logistics and life expectancy is positive in all the regions in 2SLS models. The other estimation technique also supports these findings, GMM, which confirmed the negative impact of green logistics on infant mortality and the positive impact of green logistics on life expectancy OBRI, European, MENA, and Asian economies. From these findings, we can conclude that green logistics helps to improve the health status of OBRI economies. Similarly, social marketing also improves the health status in OBRI and other regions in both models. Therefore, the governments and policymakers in respective economies should focus on the development of green infrastructure and logistics that, on one side, promote economic growth. However, on the other side, it helps improve environmental quality, which ultimately improves the OBRI economies' health status.

Highlights

Green spaces and human health are positively linked
As the study explores the impact of green logistics and social marketing on health in One Belt Road Initiative (OBRI) economies, Table 2 reports the findings of descriptive statistics
Health outcomes of the 2SLS model reveal that green logistics exert a significant and negative impact on infant mortality in OBRI, Europe, and MENA economies, confirming that green logistics tend to reduce infant mortality rates significantly

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Green spaces and human health are positively linked. The benefits of green spaces on human health are many such as overall better health condition, the birth of a healthy child, better brain growth in infants and toddlers, better development of intellectual level in adults, enhanced mental health, reduced probability of serious and chronic sickness, and lower risk of early mortality [1,2,3]. The operating functions of these spatial factors may vary considerably from a small single factor to a complete set of functional ecosystems that could prove beneficial in the development of green infrastructure in urban areas [13] This combination of green land and blue water areas can positively impact environmental quality and improve human health [3]. The literature on the environmental quality and health status is limited, few good studies are available that have observed that apart from physical activity, social capital, and stress, natural landscapes and green spaces are important contributors to improved human health. Infant (per 1,000 live births) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) Green logistics index Individuals using the internet (% of the population) Current health expenditure (% of GDP) GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$) Foreign direct investment inflows(% GDP)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT