Green Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Phlomis Leaf Extract: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Properties.

Salman Aloufi,Hassan Al-Karagoly,Ghassan M Sulaiman,Amal A Alyamani,Salim Albukhaty,Faizah A Almalki

doi:10.3390/molecules26206140

Abstract

Green nanoparticle synthesis is an environmentally friendly approach that uses natural solvents. It is preferred over chemical and physical techniques due to the time and energy savings. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through a green method that used Phlomis leaf extract as an effective reducing agent. The synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity was determined in L929 normal fibroblast cells using MTT assay. The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated using a disk-diffusion method against S. aureus and E. coli, as well as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) content concentrations. XRD results confirmed the nanoparticles’ crystalline structure. Nanoparticle sizes were found to be around 79 nm by FESEM, whereas the hydrodynamic radius of nanoparticles was estimated to be around 165 ± 3 nm by DLS. FTIR spectra revealed the formation of ZnO bonding and surfactant molecule adsorption on the surface of ZnO NPs. It is interesting to observe that aqueous extracts of Phlomis leave plant are efficient reducing agents for green synthesis of ZnO NPs in vitro, with no cytotoxic effect on L929 normal cells and a significant impact on the bacteria tested.

Highlights

Nanotechnology has made significant advances in the production of nanoparticles that may be used in various applications and the utilization of novel techniques and materials [1,2,3]
The development and discovery of novel nontoxic, environmentally friendly methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, such as plants and bioactive elements found in plants, has garnered considerable attention due to their superior reducing ability and antimicrobial properties, as well as the physicochemical features of green NP synthesis; this technique has the added benefit of increasing the life span of NPs, which overcomes the limits of traditional chemical and physical NP
Green synthesis methodologies are biologically based on several parameters such as solvent, temperature, pressure, and pH conditions

Summary

Introduction

Nanotechnology has made significant advances in the production of nanoparticles that may be used in various applications and the utilization of novel techniques and materials [1,2,3]. Metal oxide nanoparticles have generated considerable attention in biomedical technology due to their enormous surface area and are widely used in industrial and therapeutic applications [9,10,11]. Both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit substantial antioxidant and antibacterial properties and are frequently used in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and in the diagnosis of cancer progression [12,13,14].

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