Abstract
Non-renewable fossil fuels and the air pollution associated with their combustion have made it necessary to develop fuels that are environmentally friendly and produced from renewable sources. In addition, global warming and climate change have brought to the attention of many countries the need to develop programs and reforms, such as the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations and the European Green Deal, that finance and promote the conversion of all socio-economic activities in favor of sustainable and environmentally friendly development. These major projects include the development of non-polluting biofuels derived from renewable sources. Vegetable oils are a renewable source widely used to produce biofuels due to their high energy density and similar chemical composition to petroleum derivatives, making them the perfect feedstock for biofuel production. Green diesel and other hydrocarbon biofuels, obtained by the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oils, represent a sustainable alternative to mineral diesel, as they have physico-chemical properties similar to derived oil fuels. The catalyst, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and the type of vegetable oil can influence the type of biofuel obtained and its properties. The main aspects discussed in this review include the influence of the catalyst and reaction conditions on the catalytic deoxygenation reaction.
Highlights
The growing interest in the development of alternative energy sources to fossil fuels is linked to the known problems deriving from their use such as the environmental impact and the depletion of reserves
The catalytic deoxygenation reaction of vegetable oils is an innovative process for producing hydrocarbon biofuels that are able to successfully replace petroleum derivatives
The triglycerides of vegetable oils are converted into hydrocarbons through three main reactions: decarbonylation (DCO), decarboxylation (DCO2 ), and hydrodeoxygenation
Summary
The growing interest in the development of alternative energy sources to fossil fuels is linked to the known problems deriving from their use such as the environmental impact and the depletion of reserves. Vegetable oils are suitable substrates for hydrocarbon biofuel production as they have, similar to petroleum derivatives, high energy density and a simple chemical composition [16]. The appropriate treatment of vegetable oils allows the production of hydrocarbon biofuels that are fully compatible with fossil fuel derivatives. Alkanes and fatty acids undergo a thermal cleavage yielding short-chain compounds This reaction is an undesirable event if the intention is to produce a green diesel type of biofuel, isomers leading to a product with better cold properties [35]. This reaction is an undesirable event if the intention is to produce a green diesel type of biofuel, while it is desirable for producing jet fuels or gasoline range biofuels [37]. Distribution (gasoline range, jet fuel range, diesel range), isomerization, coke formation, and catalyst deactivation
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