Abstract
The closed-loop supply chain considers conceptually the possibility of reverse logistics with the use of recycling, remanufacturing and disposal centers. This study contributes for the first time a green closed-loop supply chain framework for the ventilators, which are highly important in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proposed model simulates a case study of Iranian medical ventilator production. The proposed model includes environmental sustainability to limit the carbon emissions as a constraint. A novel stochastic optimization model with strategic and tactical decision making is presented for this closed-loop supply chain network design problem. To make the proposed ventilator logistics network design more realistic, most of the parameters are considered to be uncertain, along with the normal probability distribution. Finally, to show the managerial dimensions under the COVID-19 pandemic for our proposed model, some sensitivity analyses are performed. Results confirm the high impact of carbon emissions and demand variations on the optimal solution in the case of COVID-19.
Highlights
An interesting and valuable research that has hardly been addressed in recent studies is the modeling of Supply chain network design (SCND) in an integrated forward and reverse logistics [29,30,31,32]
There are many studies in the area of SCND, the ventilator production which has a key factor in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic has not been studied [17]
Recent studies in the area of COVID-19 response confirm that different health strategies have been used by different countries to battle COVID-19 and an efficient SCND is highly important to reduce the effects of COVID-19 on society [16,21,39]
Summary
Chain network design (SCND) [1,2,3,4,5] is defined as providing a conceptual network for the operations of supply chains and logistics [6,7,8,9,10] with regards to information management [11,12,13,14,15], facility location planning [16,17,18,19,20], flow of products and inventory management [21,22,23,24,25]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9407 makes the assessment of a closed-loop supply chains for the ventilators important Such a tendency motivates this effort to develop a stochastic optimization model for the case of ventilator logistics network design [39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. This study contributes to the Iranian medical ventilator logistics for the COVID-19 pandemic This pandemic has a high impact on the supply chain activities such as transportation and delivery of the products, the demand of customers and the reverse logistics. This study develops a novel stochastic programming approach to evaluate an efficient SCND under the COVID-19 pandemic for a closed-loop Iranian medical ventilator supply chain for the first time.
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