Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques.

Alshymaa A Aly,Tadeusz Górecki

doi:10.3390/molecules25071719

Alshymaa A Aly, Tadeusz Górecki

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071719

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Abstract

Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.

Highlights

In recent years, awareness of the impact of dangerous solvents on the environment has increased significantly
Green analytical chemistry (GAC), an offshoot of green chemistry, relies on green chemistry principles to increase the safety of operators, decrease energy consumption, properly manage wastes, minimize or even eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals and replace them with benign ones whenever practical [10,11]
This is done through quick dispersive solid phase extraction to clean the extract using magnesium sulfate and a weak anion exchanger called “primary secondary amine” (PSA) sorbent as dispersive solid-phase extraction agent [74]

Summary

Introduction

Awareness of the impact of dangerous solvents on the environment has increased significantly. Various measures have been developed to mitigate the impact of chemical activities and to protect the environment and the chemists that are often in direct contact with hazardous chemical reagents and samples (environmental, biological, clinical, etc.) [3,4,5,6]. [7], have been introduced to emphasize the need to perform chemical activities in an environmentally friendly way These approaches rely on minimizing the consumption of reagents and the generation of waste, and eliminating hazardous chemicals [8]. Green analytical chemistry (GAC), an offshoot of green chemistry, relies on green chemistry principles to increase the safety of operators, decrease energy consumption, properly manage wastes, minimize or even eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals and replace them with benign ones whenever practical [10,11]. An overview of various benign sample preparation and extraction techniques, their theoretical principles and recent applications will be described in detail

Direct Analysis without Sample Pretreatment

Green Sample Preparation Methodologies

Method

Membrane Extraction

Green Alternatives to Extraction Solvents

Conclusions