Abstract
Concrete which is widely used material in the construction industry, has a carbon footprint. Approximately 10% of global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas is emitted during the production of cement which is vital ingredient of concrete. The increase in production of cement affects global warming and climate change. Therefore, many have attempts have been made to develop green and sustainable concrete by utilizing different waste materials. With the utilization of waste materials as cement replacement, the CO2 gas emissions can be reduced as well as resolve the environmental issues that the inhabitants face during the disposal of such waste materials. This paper reviews the potential and innovative utilization of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Eggshells as partial cement replacement to develop green concrete. RHA which is rich in silica and eggshells contain identical amount of calcium oxide as cement, when finely grinded and used together as partial cement replacement, can trigger a pozzolanic reaction, in which silica reacts with calcium oxide resulting in the formation of calcium silicates which are responsible for achieving higher strengths.
Highlights
Concrete is the single most widely used building material in the world and is continuously being used to construct various infrastructures
It is proposed that another material which is rich in calcium oxide (CaO) be added along with Rice Husk Ash (RHA), the extra CaO provided by such material can be consumed during pozzolanic reaction in turn enhancing the properties of concrete
Pozzolan materials, which have low calcium/silica ratio, enhance the hydration reaction for the formation of C-S-H gels improving the mechanical strength of high-performance concrete when calcium is added to it [8, 46]
Summary
Concrete is the single most widely used building material in the world and is continuously being used to construct various infrastructures. With the growing demand of concrete in construction of infrastructures across the world, the production of cement has increased. The cement industry has been reported to contribute approximately 8% to 10% of anthropogenic global. The growing demand of concrete indicates that the production of cement will not slowdown in near future, it has been gradually increasing over the years, contributing to depletion of natural resources. With the rise in temperatures, increasing CO2 gas emissions and depletion of natural resources, the construction industry has diverted its focus to develop green and sustainable concrete
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