Abstract
Due to their cooling ability, sustainable roofing configurations, such as green and cool roofs, have the potential to increase solar panel yield, which is temperature dependent. However, the influence of sustainable roofing configurations on panel yield is not yet considered in rooftop photovoltaic (PV) planning models; thus, the significance of these integrated systems cannot be evaluated. In order to quantify the potential benefits of sustainable rooftops on solar energy, the first goal of this study is to develop a method that systematically accounts for roof surface characteristics in the simulation of PV panel energy yield. To do so, a rooftop energy balance model is linked with a physically-based solar energy model (the System Advisor Model, SAM) to quantify the energy yield of PV installations on sustainable roofing configurations. Roof surface temperatures are first estimated using non-linear energy balance equations, then integrated into a revised version of SAM to simulate energy yield. This new method improves the accuracy of PV yield simulations, compared to prior assumptions of roof surface temperature equal to ambient temperature. This updated model is used for the second goal of the study, to understand how four roofing configurations (black membrane, rock ballasted, white membrane, and vegetated) influence PV panel yield, which is currently not well understood in cooler climates. For a flat rooftop PV installation near Zurich, Switzerland (temperate climate), results show that, compared to a conventional roof, green roofs can increase annual PV energy yield, on average, by 1.8%, whereas cool roofs can increase it by 3.4%. For the case-study installation, an inverse correlation between the 95th-quantile roof surface temperature and the PV energy yield was identified; an increase of 1 °C leads to a 71 kWh reduction in energy yield per year. Overall, cool roofs outperform green roofs in terms of increases in PV energy yield; however, potential improvements of both systems are non-negligible, even in relatively cooler climate regions like Switzerland. By providing a systematic method to evaluate the influence of the roofing configuration on PV energy yield, solar energy planners are able to differentiate between the benefits of traditional and sustainable rooftop configurations - the first step towards the coupling of distributed energy and sustainable building systems. In the future, this integrated method could be used as part of a holistic evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social objectives of green and cool roofs, as well as, other infrastructure systems.
Highlights
Sustainable roofing configurations, such as green or reflective roofs, have been shown to reduce the surface temperature of rooftops with respect to conventional roofs [1,2]
We argue that an accurate integration of roof heat fluxes in the solar energy assessment is an important step to reduce the uncertainty around the benefit of sustainable coatings on the PV energy yield, supporting the development and dissemination of these technologies, as well as, ap proaches to decarbonize the building energy system to achieve the goal of climate neutrality
Two models were used to quantify the influence of the roofing configuration on rooftop PV energy yield, including (1) a modified version of the System Advisor Model (SAM [23]) used to simulate PV panel energy yield, and (2) a rooftop energy balance model used to estimate the roof surface temperature, which is given as input to the modified SAM version
Summary
Sustainable roofing configurations, such as green or reflective roofs, have been shown to reduce the surface temperature of rooftops with respect to conventional roofs (e.g., black membrane or rock ballasted) [1,2]. Research has shown that, compared to darker roofs, daily peak surface temperatures are between 10 and 20 ◦C lower on vegetated, green roofs [1,3] and 15 to 25 ◦C lower on reflective, cool roofs [1,4,5]. This is due to their modified surface characteristics, such as albedo and emissivity [6], which reduce absorbed solar radiation and alter the rate of long-wave radiation remit to the atmosphere [7]. The roofing configuration, which influences the heat and energy fluxes exchanged between the roof and the PV panels, could play a considerable role in the panel conversion efficiency and in the energy yield obtained from PV installations
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