GRB-SN Association within the Binary-driven Hypernova Model

Abstract

Observations of supernovae (SNe) Ic occurring after the prompt emission of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are addressed within the binary-driven hypernova (BdHN) model where GRBs originate from a binary composed of a ∼10M ⊙ carbon–oxygen (CO) star and a neutron star (NS). The CO core collapse gives the trigger, leading to a hypernova with a fast-spinning newborn NS (νNS) at its center. The evolution depends strongly on the binary period, P bin. For P bin ∼ 5 min, BdHNe I occur with energies 1052–1054 erg. The accretion of SN ejecta onto the NS leads to its collapse, forming a black hole (BH) originating the MeV/GeV radiation. For P bin ∼ 10 min, BdHNe II occur with energies 1050–1052 erg and for P bin ∼ hours, BdHNe III occur with energies below 1050 erg. In BdHNe II and III, no BH is formed. The 1–1000 ms νNS originates, in all BdHNe, the X-ray-optical-radio afterglows by synchrotron emission. The hypernova follows an independent evolution, becoming an SN Ic, powered by nickel decay, observable after the GRB prompt emission. We report 24 SNe Ic associated with BdHNe. Their optical peak luminosity and time of occurrence are similar and independent of the associated GRBs. From previously identified 380 BdHN I comprising redshifts up to z = 8.2, we analyze four examples with their associated hypernovae. By multiwavelength extragalactic observations, we identify seven new episodes, theoretically explained, fortunately not yet detected in Galactic sources, opening new research areas. Refinement of population synthesis simulations is needed to map the progenitors of such short-lived binary systems inside our galaxy.