Abstract
A first-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition (PT) may take place in the protocompact star (PCS) produced by a core-collapse supernova (CCSN). In this work, we study the consequences of such a PT in a nonrotating CCSN with axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations. We find that the PT leads to the collapse of the PCS and results in a loud burst of gravitational waves (GWs). The amplitude of this GW burst is ∼30 times larger than the postbounce GW signal normally found for nonrotating CCSN. It shows a broad peak at high frequencies (∼2500-4000 Hz) in the spectrum, has a duration of ≲5 ms, and carries ∼3 orders of magnitude more energy than the other episodes. Also, the peak frequency of the PCS oscillation increases dramatically after the PT-induced collapse. In addition to a second neutrino burst, the GW signal, if detected by the ground-based GW detectors, is decisive evidence of the first-order QCD PT inside CCSNe and provides key information about the structure and dynamics of the PCS.
Highlights
We find that the phase transition (PT) leads to the collapse of the protocompact star (PCS) and results in a loud burst of gravitational waves (GWs)
In this Letter, we demonstrate the effects of a first-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD) PT on the GW signal from a nonrotating
We find that fBV has a much larger spread inside the PCS and the GW spectral evolution does not match the track of fBV
Summary
A first-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition (PT), i.e., hadron-quark PT, may take place in the protocompact stars (PCS) produced by a core-collapse supernova (CCSN) [5,6,7] or binary neutronstar merger [8,9]. The iron core of the s12 model collapses to above ρsat and bounces at tb ≃ 151 ms for both EOSs. At tb, the core of the hybrid EOS has already entered the mixed phase with a central quark mass fraction Xq 1⁄4 18%.
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