Gravitational Waves of Holographic QCD Phase Transition with Hyperscaling Violation

Abstract

In this paper, we study the gravitational waves of holographic QCD phase transition with hyperscaling violation. We consider an Einstein–Maxwell Dilaton background and discuss the confinement–deconfinement phase transition between thermally charged AdS and AdS black holes. We find that hyperscaling violation reduces the phase transition temperature. In a further study, we discuss the effect of hyperscaling violation on the GW spectrum. We found that the hyperscaling violation exponent suppresses the peak frequency of the total GW spectrum. Moreover, the results of the GW spectrum may be detected by IPTA, SKA, BBO, and NANOGrav. We also find that the hyperscaling violation exponent suppresses the peak frequency of the bubble-collision spectrum h2Ωenv. Hyperscaling violation enhances the energy densities of the sound wave spectrum h2Ωsw and the MHD turbulence spectrum h2Ωturb. The total GW spectrum is dominated by the contribution of the bubble collision in runaway bubbles case.