Abstract
The most important and well-known glycopeptide antibiotic, vancomycin (VAN), is used for the treatment of severe bacterial infections like methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections and endocarditis caused by enterococci and sepsis. Taking into account the problem of the development of antibiotic resistance as well as its toxicity, both correlated with the VAN concentration (CVAN) in biological samples, there is need for better and more accessible quantification methods for this antibiotic. Considering all of the above, herein, we present a simple electrochemical method for VAN sensing based on a hybrid graphene-gold nanostructure nanocomposite electrode, which allows double detection directly in the oxidation domain and also indirectly, in reduction, using the electro-active gold nanostructures as a probe to monitor the current changing due to the interaction between gold and VAN. The developed method was able to successfully detect VAN in the linear range of 1–100 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.29 µM for the direct approach and 0.5 µM for the indirect one. The selectivity of the method was tested in the presence of other antibiotics and drugs. This method was successfully applied for the detection of VAN from human serum samples.
Highlights
The most important and well-known glycopeptide antibiotic, vancomycin (VAN) (Figure 1), is used for the treatment of severe bacterial infections like methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections and endocarditis caused by enterococci, bone, lower respiratory tract, soft tissue infections and sepsis.It is active systemically only when administered parenterally with a single intravenous dose of 1 g producing plasma concentrations of 15 to 30 μg/mL or approximately 10 to 20 μM [1].VAN is active against Gram-positive bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, like enterococci, streptococci and staphylococci, making it often the last resort for the antibacterial treatment of complicated cases, involving antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Potassium salt, penicillin G sodium salt, oxacillin sodium salt, amoxicillin, ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and the human serum were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA); cefalexin monohydrate (CFX) from Antibiotice SA (Ias, i, Romania); vancomycin sulfate from Linaris, Dossenheim, Germany; and gentamicin sulphate from Bioworld, Dublin, OH, USA
VAN, other one indirect, based on the modified with a hybrid graphene–Au nanocomposite with twothe different detection approaches in electrochemical signal
Summary
The most important and well-known glycopeptide antibiotic, vancomycin (VAN) (Figure 1), is used for the treatment of severe bacterial infections like methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections and endocarditis caused by enterococci, bone, lower respiratory tract, soft tissue infections and sepsis.It is active systemically only when administered parenterally with a single intravenous dose of 1 g producing plasma concentrations of 15 to 30 μg/mL or approximately 10 to 20 μM [1].VAN is active against Gram-positive bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, like enterococci, streptococci and staphylococci, making it often the last resort for the antibacterial treatment of complicated cases, involving antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The most important and well-known glycopeptide antibiotic, vancomycin (VAN) (Figure 1), is used for the treatment of severe bacterial infections like methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections and endocarditis caused by enterococci, bone, lower respiratory tract, soft tissue infections and sepsis. It is active systemically only when administered parenterally with a single intravenous dose of 1 g producing plasma concentrations of 15 to 30 μg/mL or approximately 10 to 20 μM [1]. VAN is active against Gram-positive bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, like enterococci, streptococci and staphylococci, making it often the last resort for the antibacterial treatment of complicated cases, involving antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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