Abstract
Graphene is a single-atom-thick two-dimensional carbon nanosheet with outstanding chemical, electrical, material, optical, and physical properties due to its large surface area, high electron mobility, thermal conductivity, and stability. These extraordinary features of graphene make it a key component for different applications in the biosensing and imaging arena. However, the use of graphene alone is correlated with certain limitations, such as irreversible self-agglomerations, less colloidal stability, poor reliability/repeatability, and non-specificity. The addition of gold nanostructures (AuNS) with graphene produces the graphene–AuNS hybrid nanocomposite which minimizes the limitations as well as providing additional synergistic properties, that is, higher effective surface area, catalytic activity, electrical conductivity, water solubility, and biocompatibility. This review focuses on the fundamental features of graphene, the multidimensional synthesis, and multipurpose applications of graphene–Au nanocomposites. The paper highlights the graphene–gold nanoparticle (AuNP) as the platform substrate for the fabrication of electrochemical and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors in diverse applications as well as SERS-directed bio-imaging, which is considered as an emerging sector for monitoring stem cell differentiation, and detection and treatment of cancer.
Highlights
The advent of graphene, a perfect two dimensional (2D) material, composed of single-atom-thick sheets of sp2 bonded carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb lattice, has opened up the exciting new horizon of the carbon era in the field of science and technology
Graphene is a zero-band-gap semiconductor and demonstrates high transparency of graphene nanocomposites pushes forward the fabrication of transparent conductive electron mobility under ambient conditions, [7] which is advantageous in sensors, super capacitors, films [8,9] for application in solar cells, advanced electronics etc
Is the most common product termed differently either as graphene, rGO, or chemically reduced graphene oxide (CR–GO). rGO is among the synthesized chemically modified graphene which ismodified generally attained which by graphite oxide the most common product among the synthesized chemically graphene is generally exfoliation–chemical reduction
Summary
The advent of graphene, a perfect two dimensional (2D) material, composed of single-atom-thick sheets of sp bonded carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb lattice, has opened up the exciting new horizon of the carbon era in the field of science and technology. Graphene is a zero-band-gap semiconductor and demonstrates high transparency of graphene nanocomposites pushes forward the fabrication of transparent conductive electron mobility under ambient conditions, [7] which is advantageous in sensors, super capacitors, films [8,9] for application in solar cells, advanced electronics etc All of these properties make and electrocatalysis application. Graphene nanocomposites forward the fabrication of transparent conductive films [8,9] for application in solar cells, advanced show high thermal conductivity that provides excellent thermal stability, which is important in electronics etc All of these properties make graphene an ideal building block in the fabrication of some electronic devices or catalytic reactions that release heat, such as fuel cells and lithium-ion nanocomposites.
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