Abstract
Since the desire for real-time human health monitoring as well as seamless human-machine interaction is increasing rapidly, plenty of research efforts have been made to investigate wearable sensors and implantable devices in recent years. As a novel 2D material, graphene has aroused a boom in the field of sensor research around the world due to its advantages in mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Numerous graphene-based sensors used for human health monitoring have been reported, including wearable sensors, as well as implantable devices, which can realize the real-time measurement of body temperature, heart rate, pulse oxygenation, respiration rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, electrocardiogram signal, electromyogram signal, and electroencephalograph signal, etc. Herein, as a review of the latest graphene-based sensors for health monitoring, their novel structures, sensing mechanisms, technological innovations, components for sensor systems and potential challenges will be discussed and outlined.
Highlights
As the global population is growing rapidly and the life expectancy of humans is increasing drastically (Vaupel, 2010; Takei et al, 2015), the healthcare system is facing increasing expenses and burdens, requiring governments to find feasible solutions to render adequate medical care without increasing healthcare costs (Pantelopoulos and Bourbakis, 2010)
Graphene-based sensors have received considerable attention in health monitoring and biomedical applications, it is crucial to consider the impact of graphene and its derivatives on human health such as its biocompatibility, toxicity, as well as its potential risks to the environment before graphene is integrated with human skin, when implanted into the human body
We provide an overview of diversified applications of graphene-based sensors, both through non-invasive and invasive means for health monitoring
Summary
As the global population is growing rapidly and the life expectancy of humans is increasing drastically (Vaupel, 2010; Takei et al, 2015), the healthcare system is facing increasing expenses and burdens, requiring governments to find feasible solutions to render adequate medical care without increasing healthcare costs (Pantelopoulos and Bourbakis, 2010). As a critical component of health monitoring systems and the interface to the human body, sensors, including wearable and implantable sensors, are able to detect and measure various signals or analytes with high specificity and sensitivity (Narayan and Verma, 2016). A lot of graphene and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene composites based sensors for human health monitoring have been reported, including wearable sensors, and implantable devices, which can realize the real-time measurement of body temperature (Trung and Lee, 2016; Wang et al, 2018a), heart rate (Karim et al, 2017), wrist pulse (Yang et al, 2017; Pang et al, 2018), respiration rate (Boland et al, 2014; Xu et al, 2018c), blood pressure (Pang et al, 2016), blood glucose (Pu et al, 2018), electrocardiogram (ECG) signal (Ameri et al, 2016), electromyogram (EMG) signal (Yun et al, 2017; Sun et al, 2018) and electroencephalograph (EEG) signal (Ameri et al, 2016; Yun et al, 2017), etc. Potential challenges and future prospects of the graphene-based sensing systems are outlined
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