Abstract
Abstract Graphene, owing to its unique chemical structure and extraordinary chemical, electrical, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties, has opened up a new vista of applications, specifically as novel sensing platforms. The last decade has seen an extensive exploration of graphene and graphene-based materials either alone or modified with nanoparticles and polymers for the fabrication of nanoscale biosensors. These biosensors displayed excellent conductivity, high sensitivity, and selectivity, good accuracy, and precision, rapid detection with low detection limits as well as long-term stability. The unmatched properties of graphene and graphene-based materials have been applied for the detection of a number of chemical and biological molecules successfully for the diagnosis of a variety of diseases, pathogens, and biomarkers of the diseases. This review is aimed to cover the fabrication methods, functionalization techniques, and biomedical applications along with the recent advancements in the field of development of graphene-based biosensors. Recent clinical trials and patents as well as market trends and opportunities associated with graphene-based biosensors are also summarized. The application of graphene-based biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 is also reviewed.
Highlights
Diagnosis of diseases and their biomarkers requires accurate and highly sensitive methods and to achieve it, a number of conventional and novel methods are available [1,2]
A vast variety of graphene-based nanomaterials consisting of pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots are used for the preparation of graphenebased biosensors
These biosensors showed a plethora of applications in biomedical and nonbiomedical fields for the detection of target molecules
Summary
Diagnosis of diseases and their biomarkers requires accurate and highly sensitive methods and to achieve it, a number of conventional and novel methods are available [1,2]. Conventional methods include polymerase chain reaction, lateral flow immunoassay, electrochemical methods, DNA sequencing and microarrays and fluorescence microarray, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques [3,4]. These techniques require highly precise instruments, costly reagents, complicated sample preparation steps, and tedious quantification methods in order to achieve accurate and sensitive detection [5,6]. Novel methods include the use of sensors that are comparatively inexpensive, simple, and highly specific techniques for the detection of target biomolecules These sensors can be used in real-time to monitor and diagnose diseases and have broad clinical applications [7,8,9,10]. The added advantages associated with sensors are their use in detecting the diseases at an early stage and requires minimal invasive methods
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