Abstract
A biodegradable UV-cured resin has been fabricated via stereolithography apparatus (SLA). The formulation consists of a commercial polyurethane resin as an oligomer, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TEGDMA) as a reactive diluent and phenylbis (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (Irgacure 819) as a photoinitiator. The tensile strength of the three-dimensional (3D) printed specimens is 68 MPa, 62% higher than that of the reference specimens (produced by direct casting). The flexural strength and modulus can reach 115 MPa and 5.8 GPa, respectively. A solvent-free method is applied to fabricate graphene-reinforced nanocomposite. Porous bone structures (a jawbone with a square architecture and a sternum with a round architecture) and gyroid scaffold of graphene-reinforced nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering have been 3D printed via SLA. The UV-crosslinkable graphene-reinforced biodegradable nanocomposite using SLA 3D printing technology can potentially remove important cost barriers for personalized biological tissue engineering as compared to the traditional mould-based multistep methods.
Highlights
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, known as additive manufacturing (AM), rapid prototyping (RP), solid freeform fabrication (SFF), or layered manufacturing (LM), is an innovative technology which has been widely used in biotechnology [1], aerospace [2], medical applications [3], conductive devices [4], sensors [5], etc. 3D printing methods can be divided into five categories, including direct ink writing (DIW) [6], fused deposition modelling (FDM) [7], selective laser sintering (SLS) [8], stereolithography apparatus (SLA) [9], and three-dimensional printing (3DP) [10]
The aim of this study is to address the challenges of creating personalized complex structure for bone tissue scaffolds via SLA 3D printing
A UV-curable resin based on PLA-PUA and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was well developed and successfully printed via SLA, and the formulation had a suitable viscosity window for SLA processing
Summary
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, known as additive manufacturing (AM), rapid prototyping (RP), solid freeform fabrication (SFF), or layered manufacturing (LM), is an innovative technology which has been widely used in biotechnology [1], aerospace [2], medical applications [3], conductive devices [4], sensors [5], etc. 3D printing methods can be divided into five categories, including direct ink writing (DIW) [6], fused deposition modelling (FDM) [7], selective laser sintering (SLS) [8], stereolithography apparatus (SLA) [9], and three-dimensional printing (3DP) [10]. Most of the available commercial stereolithography resin is not biodegradable and has relatively poor mechanical property (tensile strength ~10-50 MPa). Implantable devices, tissue engineering, cell-containing hydrogels, and other biomedical engineering have been successfully fabricated from biodegradable resin through SLA [14]. 3D printing technology can achieve more complex structure and better mechanical properties, which enlarges its application in biomedical engineering. Polylactide is a biodegradable, rigid material with excellent mechanical properties, which has been successfully applied in biomedical engineering [17]. Seck et al [18] designed a poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) hydrogel structure with good mechanical properties and cell seeding characteristics for tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography. In order to further improve the mechanical performance as well as to add some unique properties (e.g., electron conductivity, thermal conductivity, and biocompatibility), nanofillers are usually added into resin [20,21,22,23]
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