Graphene oxide-based nanomaterials for electrochemical bio/immune sensing and its advancements in health care applications: A review

Abstract

Graphene oxide based nanomaterials i.e. graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, are being researched extensively owing to their fascinating as well as promising structural, conducting, electrical and other physiochemical properties. Incorporating GO/rGO into various matrices by chemical and physical processes results in nanocomposites with remarkable properties. This review provides a detailed discussion on combining GO based nanomaterials with conducting polymers, noble metals, metal oxides, and other functional nanomaterials to improve the analytical performance as electrochemical detection platforms. The use of such GO/rGO-modified materials for early biomarker detection which facilitates treatment, reduces mortality, and improves the patient survival rates. A Wide range of biosensing methodologies on biomarkers detection of serious onset have been discussed such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, neurotransmitters, stroke, and detection of bacterial and viral infections utilizing GO/rGO-based nanomaterials. The synthetic methodology, mechanistic pathway of biosensing and immunosensing various biomarker detection that insights a device fabrication for the future researchers have also been highlighted.