Graphene oxide-gastrointestinal drugs for no side effect: Ultrasound synthesis and characterization

Abstract

Graphene oxide nanosheets compound (GO) was synthesized and characterized by TEM and XRD. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal drugs (GD) were mixed with graphene oxide nanogel (0.1%) by ultrasound to give the nanocomposite (GO-GD). These nanocomposites were used orally to remove the side effects of the pure gastrointestinal drugs. The invitro results on rats proved that no significant side effects were determined. Moreover, this study includes, for the first time, the influence of functional groups and their relationship to possible side effects on humans. In this study, the comparison was based on the use of only two classes of drugs, which are proton pump inhibitors and histamine 2 blockers. A significant number of chemicals for the treatment of the gastrointestinal system have been selected, which are (omeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, nizatidine, cimetidine, famotidine, rabeprazol, and ranitidine). Upon further exuding, the chemical composition of the selected chemicals, it was found that they contain a five- or six- membered aromatic ring(s) to which aliphatic groups of long, medium or short chains are linked. Accordingly, chemical functional groups containing hetero atoms, which are sulfur, oxygen and/or nitrogen, were determined for further investigations. Based on this study, it was found that the functional groups have a significant effect on the specific side effects, and therefore, the continuation of such studies will provide later a mechanism to determine the side effects.