Abstract
Gathering and sensing of nitrate ions in the environment due to the abundant use in industry and agriculture have become an important problem, which needs to be overcome. On the other hand, new materials such as carbon-based materials with unique properties have become an ideal choice in sensing technology. In this research, the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer as a carbon source in the melted form was used and carbon nanoparticles in the form of a strand between two electrodes were analyzed. It was fabricated between copper electrodes by the pulsed arc discharge method. Subsequently, the constructed metal–nanoparticle–metal (MNM) contact was employed to recognize the nitrate ions. Therefore, NaNO3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, and NH4NO3 samples as a usual pollutant of industrial and agricultural wastewater were examined. All nitrate compounds in ten different densities were tested and sensor I-V characteristic was investigated, which showed that all the aforesaid compounds were recognizable by the graphene nano-strand. Additionally, the proposed structure in the presence of ions was simulated and acceptable agreement between them was reported. Additionally, the proposed structure analytically was investigated, and a comparison study between the proposed model and measured results was carried out and realistic agreement reported.
Highlights
Nitrate ions are widespread in the environment due to their high solubility in most liquids
The normal amount of nitrate ions is in the order of a few tens of ppm, but a high density of these ions has been produced by agriculture and urban wastewater [3]
Based on research in [43,44,45,46,47,48,49] and a comparison with the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis taken from the sample, it can be concluded that the carbon nanoparticles grown contained multiwall carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoparticles (GNPs)
Summary
Nitrate ions are widespread in the environment due to their high solubility in most liquids. The entire experimental setup for carbon nanoparticle growth is presented in discharge method is employed in the presented work In this mechanism, the voltage beAppendix A; the schematic of the fabricated graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) tween two metal electrodes can be changed from 1-20 KV in low sequences. Based on research in [43,44,45,46,47,48,49] and a comparison with the FTIR analysis taken from the sample, it can be concluded that the carbon nanoparticles grown contained multiwall carbon nanotubes and GNPs. After the growth of carbon nanoparticles between two electrodes, to examine their sensing phenomenon, solutions prepared in 10 different concentrations of four nitrate ions—NaNO3 , Pb(NO3 ) , Zn(NO3 ) , and NH4 NO3 in distilled water—for injection into the built sensor and the identification of nitrate ions tested. When fittingparameters parameters for concentration were calculated, the proper linear
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