Abstract
Three-dimensional hybrid nanomaterial of graphene-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (G-MWCNTs) was synthesized using gamma rays emitted by a60Co source with a dose rate of 3.95 Gy min−1. The products were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), and micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR and UV-Vis analysis reveals the formation of hybrid nanomaterial which is confirmed by XRD, micro-Raman analysis, and PL. SEM micrograph depicts the composite structure of graphene layers and MWCNTs, while the TEM micrograph exhibits graphene layers covered by MWCNTs. The G-MWCNTs hybrid used as electrode for electrochemical studies in K3Fe(CN)6shows enhancement in electrocatalytic behavior, compared to each individual starting material, therefore, has been applied for amperometric sensing of glucose in alkaline solution and exhibits sensitivity of 12.5 μAmM-1 cm−2and low detection limit 1.45 μM (S/N=3) in a linear range of 0.1 to 14 mM (R2=0.985).
Highlights
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements found in nature existing in various allotropic forms
Resistance obtained for graphenemultiwalled carbon nanotube (G-MWCNT) 1 : 3 (∼0.004) is similar as for 1 : 1 ratio. These results reveal that G-MWCNTs 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 ratios are highly conducting in nature which is perhaps due to the strong coupling between graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes [27]
Characterization results proved that the G-MWCNT hybrid shows significant decrease in the self-aggregation and stacking of graphene oxide (GO) and MWCNTs due to appropriate coupling and interconnected network between MWCNTs and GO layers
Summary
Carbon is one of the most abundant elements found in nature existing in various allotropic forms. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), consisting of cylindrical graphene sheets with nanometer diameter, have high mechanical strength and chemical stability, good electrical conductivity, rich optical properties, and high surface area. Many efforts have been made so as to obtain graphene-carbon nanotube hybrids by different methods of synthesis [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. Gamma (γ) radiations have been used for many years as a competitive method to develop new materials, metal nanoparticles, and their composites [33,34,35] Advantages of this technique over the other methods are self-generation of reducing agent, avoiding the use of toxic reducing agents such as hydrazine, simultaneous control of ion reduction and suppression of undesired oxidation products [33], formation of products under ambient conditions, simplicity, and economic. Performance of 1 : 1 GMWCNTs hybrid has been investigated as an amperometric glucose sensor
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