Abstract
The interaction of electrons with strong electromagnetic fields is fundamental to the ability to design high‐quality radiation sources. At the core of all such sources is a tradeoff between compactness and higher output radiation intensities. Conventional photonic devices are limited in size by their operating wavelength, which helps compactness at the cost of a small interaction area. Here, plasmonic modes supported by multilayer graphene metamaterials are shown to provide a larger interaction area with the electron beam, while also tapping into the extreme confinement of graphene plasmons to generate high‐frequency photons with relatively low‐energy electrons available from tabletop sources. For 5 MeV electrons, a metamaterial of 50 layers and length 50 µm, and a beam current of 1.7 µA, it is, for instance, possible to generate X‐rays of intensity 1.5 × 107 photons sr−1 s−1 1%BW, 580 times more than for a single‐layer design. The frequency of the driving laser dynamically tunes the photon emission spectrum. This work demonstrates a unique free‐electron light source, wherein the electron mean free path in a given material is longer than the device length, relaxing the requirements of complex electron beam systems and potentially paving the way to high‐yield, compact, and tunable X‐ray sources.
Highlights
The interaction of electrons with strong electromagnetic fields is fundamental radiation emitters, which include dielectricbased undulators,[1] light wells,[2,3] and plasto the ability to design high-quality radiation sources
We present plasmon-driven free-electron light sources based on multilayer graphene metamaterials that allow highly directional extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray light sources
We presented the concept of using graphene metamaterials for plasmon-driven free-electron light sources
Summary
The interaction of electrons with strong electromagnetic fields is fundamental radiation emitters, which include dielectricbased undulators,[1] light wells,[2,3] and plasto the ability to design high-quality radiation sources. Beam, while tapping into the extreme confinement of graphene plasmons and X-ray light sources, with promising to generate high-frequency photons with relatively low-energy electrons available from tabletop sources. For 5 MeV electrons, a metamaterial of 50 layers and length 50 μm, and a beam current of 1.7 μA, it is, for instance, possible to generate X-rays of intensity 1.5 × 107 photons sr−1 s−1 applications in medicine, engineering, and natural sciences.[10,11,12,13] Graphene plasmons have been shown to be especially suitable for the manipulation of light–matter interaction,[14] owing to their dynamic tunability, 1%BW, 580 times more than for a single-layer design. Confinement of such plasmons implies a small transverse extent of the polaritonic field, which limits the number of inter-
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