Abstract
Graphene and its derivates offer a wide range of possibilities in the electroanalysis field, mainly owing to their biocompatibility, low-cost, and easy tuning. This work reports the development of an enzymatic biosensor using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a key nanomaterial for the detection of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). RGO was obtained from the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), an intermediate previously synthesized in the laboratory by a wet chemistry top-down approach. The extensive characterization of this material was carried out to evaluate its proper inclusion in the biosensor arrangement. The results demonstrated the presence of GO or RGO and their correct integration on the sensor surface. The detection of CECs was carried out by modifying the graphene platform with a laccase enzyme, turning the sensor into a more selective and sensitive device. Laccase was linked covalently to RGO using the remaining carboxylic groups of the reduction step and the carbodiimide reaction. After the calibration and characterization of the biosensor versus catechol, a standard laccase substrate, EDTA and benzoic acid were detected satisfactorily as inhibiting agents of the enzyme catalysis obtaining inhibition constants for EDTA and benzoic acid of 25 and 17 mmol·L−1, respectively, and a maximum inhibition percentage of the 25% for the EDTA and 60% for the benzoic acid.
Highlights
A chemical sensor is defined by IUPAC as a device that transforms chemical information into an useful analytical signal [1]
Since the discovery of graphene and its derived products, they have been gaining importance in the sensors and biosensors field [2]; one of the reasons for this is due to their synergistic effect when they are implemented as transducing materials [3,4]
The presence of graphene oxide (GO) was images resulting from this technique
Summary
A chemical sensor is defined by IUPAC as a device that transforms chemical information into an useful analytical signal [1]. Researchers try to improve the selectivity of these designs with a wide range of techniques, such as the modification of the transducer material, the use of chemometric data processing, or the inclusion of sample pretreatment. An example of the former is the concept of biosensors. A biosensor may be described as a sensor combined with a recognition element from the biological world, which is the one responsible for conferring paramount selectivity This is what makes the difference from common sensors and grants their success. It can be proven that the usage of graphene is becoming widespread when you search how many publications exist with “graphene” as a keyword, since 2004, when graphene was strictly discovered
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