Abstract

Since the discovery of the two-dimensional (2D) carbon material, graphene, just over a decade ago, the development of graphene-based field effect transistors (G-FETs) has become a widely researched area, particularly for use in point-of-care biomedical applications. G-FETs are particularly attractive as next generation bioelectronics due to their mass-scalability and low cost of the technology’s manufacture. Furthermore, G-FETs offer the potential to complete label-free, rapid, and highly sensitive analysis coupled with a high sample throughput. These properties, coupled with the potential for integration into portable instrumentation, contribute to G-FETs’ suitability for point-of-care diagnostics. This review focuses on elucidating the recent developments in the field of G-FET sensors that act on a bioaffinity basis, whereby a binding event between a bioreceptor and the target analyte is transduced into an electrical signal at the G-FET surface. Recognizing and quantifying these target analytes accurately and reliably is essential in diagnosing many diseases, therefore it is vital to design the G-FET with care. Taking into account some limitations of the sensor platform, such as Debye–Hükel screening and device surface area, is fundamental in developing improved bioelectronics for applications in the clinical setting. This review highlights some efforts undertaken in facing these limitations in order to bring G-FET development for biomedical applications forward.

Highlights

  • The discovery of Graphene in 2004 by Novoselov and Geim [1] brought with it many advances in scientific research

  • This review focuses on graphene-based field effect transistor devices because of their functionalizable surface and highly sensitive electronic properties

  • graphene-based field effect transistors (G-FETs) biosensors offer the benefits of high sensitivity, lower detection limits, low cost, and high throughput detection compared to the existing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and fluorescence methods, which are time consuming and require expensive and complex optical imaging devices and sophisticated image recognition software [16]

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Summary

Introduction

The discovery of Graphene in 2004 by Novoselov and Geim [1] brought with it many advances in scientific research. G-FET biosensors offer the benefits of high sensitivity, lower detection limits, low cost, and high throughput detection compared to the existing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and fluorescence methods, which are time consuming and require expensive and complex optical imaging devices and sophisticated image recognition software [16]. It is for these reasons that many G-FET biosensors have already been developed and reported in the literature.

Graphene Properties
G-FET-Based Nucleic Acid Sensors
DNA Sensor
Immunosensors
Findings
Current Challenges and Future Prospects thethe development of
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