Abstract
Given the industrial revolutions and resource scarcity, the development of green technologies which aims to conserve resources and reduce the negative impacts of technology on the environment has become a critical issue of concern. One example is heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been intensively researched given its low toxicity and photocatalytic effects under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The advantages conferred by the physical and electrochemical properties of graphene family nanomaterials (GFN) have contributed to the combination of GFN and TiO2 as well as the current variety of GFN-TiO2 catalysts that have exhibited improved characteristics such as greater electron transfer and narrower bandgaps for more potential applications, including those under visible light irradiation. In this review, points of view on the intrinsic properties of TiO2, GFNs (pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, and graphene quantum dots (GQDs)), and GFN-TiO2 are presented. This review also explains practical synthesis techniques along with perspective characteristics of these TiO2- and/or graphene-based materials. The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity by using GFN-TiO2 and its improved photocatalytic reactions for the treatment of organic, inorganic, and biological pollutants in water and air phases are reported. It is expected that this review can provide insights into the key to optimizing the photocatalytic activity of GFN-TiO2 and possible directions for future development in these fields.
Highlights
graphene family nanomaterials (GFN)-TiO2 has been used for the photocatalytic removal of inorganic, organic, and bioGFN-TiO2 has been used for the photocatalytic removal of inorganic, organic, and logical pollutions in the water phase (Table 9)
While the compound concentrations were negligibly changed during pure photolysis, the presence of GFN-TiO2 (0.86% w/w of graphene) resulted in 79.7% and 86.2% of total organic carbon (TOC) removal in the experiments of rhodamine B and norfloxacin, respectively, after 10 h of simulated sunlight irradiation (λ > 320 nm)
TiO2 has been intensively investigated in early studies given its photocatalytic effects for radical production degrading a wide range of pollutants in the environment
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Electrochemical technologies replace or reduce hazardous materials used in conventional chemical treatment processes [3,4] Among these discussions, photocatalysis demands an approach associated with the intermittent nature of sunlight, which is considered a renewable energy source, or the assistance of ultraviolet (UV) light. Photocatalysis using TiO2 has achieved a burst of interest to researchers due to the potential implications in the fields of environmental treatment and pollution control [16,17]. 2-based photocatalysis has with thermal stability [19], anatase TiO2 has improved photosensitive properties due to become a viable technology for various including treatment of a wide range of its excellent charge-carrier mobility and apurposes, greater number of surface hydroxyl groups environmental pollutants and eco-friendly green processes of organic.
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