Abstract
A modulator is the core of many optoelectronic applications such as communication and sensing. However, a traditional modulator can hardly reach high modulation depth. In order to achieve the higher modulation depth, a graphene electro-optical switch modulator is proposed by adjusting propagation length in the near infrared band. The switch modulator is designed based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure, which is comprised of an SiO2 substrate, graphene–Si–graphene heterostructure, Ag nanowire and SiO2 cladding. The propagation length of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide varies from 0.14 μm to 20.43 μm by the voltage tunability of graphene in 1550 nm incident light. A modulator with a length of 3 μm is designed based on the hybrid waveguide and it achieves about 100% modulation depth. The lower energy loss (~1.71 fJ/bit) and larger 3 dB bandwidth (~83.91 GHz) are attractive for its application in a photoelectric integration field. In addition, the excellent robustness (error of modulation effects lower than 8.84%) is practical in the fabrication process. Most importantly, by using the method of adjusting propagation length, other types of graphene modulators can also achieve about 100% modulation depth.
Highlights
IntroductionA two-dimensional material, was obtained by mechanical peeling in 2004 [1]
Graphene, a two-dimensional material, was obtained by mechanical peeling in 2004 [1]
Through electrostatic gating, graphene can be used for designing electro-optical devices and has been widely applied in electro-optical modulators [15,16,17,18,19,20]
Summary
A two-dimensional material, was obtained by mechanical peeling in 2004 [1]. Due to the excellent optical and electrical properties, graphene has a great potential in the field of photodetectors [2,3], waveguides [4,5], optical modulators [6,7], supercapacitors [8,9], sensors [10,11]. The mainly reason is that strong light–matter interaction in graphene can be controlled effectively by tuning the Fermi level (EF ) with electrostatic gating. Based on this excellent tunability of the absorption property [14]. Graphene modulators have shown relative high modulation depth in different structures [19,20]
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