Graphene-Based Nanomaterial Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of the H3N2 Virus

Abstract

Since influenza and COVID-19 cause similar symptoms, the need for selective, sensitive and practical systems for influenza A detection has been highlighted. For this reason, in this work, a graphene (Gr) based nanomaterial modified anti-hemagglutinine 3, from now on will be called Gr-antiH3, based disposible electrochemical influenza immunosensor was developed. In order to obtain the highest sensitivity, the effects of various Gr-based nanomaterials on developed electrochemical immunosensor responses were investigated. For this purpose, graphene oxide, Gr, Gr-platinum (Gr-Pt), Gr-gold and Gr-gold-platinum nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As a result, since the best results were obtained with Gr-Pt, this nanomaterial was integrated into H3N2 immunosensor system as a modifier. The Gr-Pt modified immunosensor was shown to provide a linear range from 0.5 µg/mL to 7 µg/mL. The limit of detection was 0.38 µg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.28 µg/mL with a relative standard deviation of 3.05%. The developed biosensor was applied to H3N2 detection in synthetic saliva samples and promising results were obtained with recoveries of 100.41 ± 1.10%.