Graphdiyne tubular micromotors: Electrosynthesis, characterization and self-propelled capabilities

Abstract

Graphdiyne (GDY) micromotors have been synthesized by direct electrochemical deposition, avoiding harsh conditions or sophisticated equipment. GDY is directly electrodeposited in a membrane template by cyclic voltammetry, followed by the deposition of diverse inner catalytic layers (Pt/Ni, MnO2, or Pd/Cu) conferring the micromotors with structural stability to avoid nanoscale deformation. The best performance in terms of catalytic activity is observed for Pt-based micromotors, with up to 4-fold speed increase on average. In addition, compared with similarly prepared graphene oxide (GO) micromotors, a 2-fold speed enhancement is observed both in water and complex samples (saliva, blood serum, milk, and wine). The combination of the unique GDY properties with the moving capabilities of micromotors is also illustrated in the micromotor navigation against fluid flows in microfluidic channels. Practical applications are illustrated in fluorescent assay experiments for bacteria toxins detection and for the capture of a fluorescent probe, also used as model environmental pollutant. The template electrodeposition route holds great potential for the preparation of a myriad of GDY micromotors for diverse applications.