Abstract
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Phenology is a key factor in explaining the distribution and diversity of current vineyards in France. This work has the objective to summarize the different studies developed in France to analyze grapevine phenology.</p><p><strong>Methods and results:</strong> Several topics are presented: a general description of all historical databases and observatory networks developed in France during the last 70 years; an overview of the different models developed to calculate the main phenological stages; an analysis of the main results obtained using these models in the context of studies of climate change impacts on viticulture in France; and finally a general discussion about the main strategies to adapt the phenological cycle to future climate conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This review emphasizes that even if phenology is not the only trait to be considered for adapting grapevine to climate change, it plays a major role in the distribution of the current variety x vineyard associations.</p><p><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> It is therefore critical to continue to study phenology in order to better understand its physiological and genetic basis and to define the best strategies to adapt to future climatic conditions.</p>
Highlights
Phenology is the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle stages in relation to weather and climate (Schwartz, 2013)
These results indicated a change in the phenology independently of the variety of approximately 6 to 12 days in 2050 regardless of the scenario and of 15 to 30 days depending on the variety, the scenario and the region in 2100 (Figure 4)
While we have demonstrated above the importance of phenology, several authors have shown that it is not possible to adapt to future conditions by taking into account only this parameter
Summary
Phenology is the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle stages in relation to weather and climate (Schwartz, 2013). As for many other crops, grapevine phenology studies have been largely reported in the literature (see Coombe, 1995 and Jones, 2013 for a review) Winegrowers use this information to 1) choose the variety that is more suitable to their vineyard and 2) adapt their practices The three main grapevine phenological stages (budbreak, flowering, veraison) and the harvest dates have been used to quantify the magnitude of climate change in several vineyards over the world (Jones et al, 2005). In this context, phenology is described as one of the main factors to be explored for varietal adaptation (Duchêne et al, 2010)
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