Abstract
Grapevine is one of the world’s most economically important fruit crops. It is known that Vitis vinifera is a host for a large number of pathogenic agents, which significantly reduce the yield and berry quality. This forces the agronomists to use a huge amount of fungicides. Over the last few decades, alternative methods for solving this problem have been developed and continue to be developed. Such new technologies as marker-assisted selection, bioengineering of the rhizosphere, genetic engineering (transgenesis, cisgenesis and intragenesis) allow the production of pathogen-resistant cultivars. However, they are linked to a number of problems. One of the most promising methods is the creation of modified non-transgenic cultivars via CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis. Therefore, researchers are actively looking for target genes associated with pathogen resistance and susceptibility. This review elucidates the main mechanisms of plant—pathogen interactions, the immune systems developed by plants, as well as the identified genes for resistance and susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe necator and the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
Highlights
Santiago BlancoThe grape family (Vitaceae) includes about 16 genera and 900 species [1,2,3,4]
At the green berry stage, the VvPAL and VvSTS genes are induced in grape plants, which are associated with the immune pathway of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, leading to the production of stilbenes and lignin, which inhibit the growth of B. cinerea
VvSWEETs transporters play an important role in sugar mobilization during grape berry development, and their expression is transcriptionally reprogrammed in response to B. cinerea infection
Summary
The grape family (Vitaceae) includes about 16 genera and 900 species [1,2,3,4]. The genus Vitis L. includes over 70 woody climber species, spread mostly in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Resistance, is known to recently, grape berries were thought to remain susceptible to powdery mildew Grape breeding is a slow process, for example, only after six successive crosses between Vitis vinifera and Muscadinia rotundifolia the complete resistance to powdery mildew was developed, which was associated with the transfer of the Run resistance gene to V. vinifera [53]. Different countries have developed various new breeding programs aimed at obtaining grape varieties combining disease resistance with high quality berries [4,89,90,91,92]. Researchers conduct search for new target genes of grapes for being modified with CRISPR/Cas technology that will increase resistance to pathogens [93,99,100]. In the frameworks of this review, we have systematized the available to date scientific data about these gene systems
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