Abstract
The impact of water deficit on berry quality has been extensively investigated during the last decades. Nonetheless, there is a scarcity of knowledge on the performance of varieties exposed to a combination of high temperatures/water stress during the growing season and under vineyard conditions. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes, sustained deficit irrigation (SDI, 30% ETc) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI, 15% ETc) and of two cluster positions within the canopy (east- and west-exposed sides) on berry ripening in red Aragonez (Tempranillo) grapevines. The study was undertaken for two successive years in a commercial vineyard in South Portugal, monitoring the following parameters: pre-dawn leaf water potential, berry temperature, sugars, polyphenols, abscisic acid (ABA) and related metabolites. Additionally, expression patterns for different transcripts encoding for enzymes responsible for anthocyanin and ABA biosynthesis (VviUFGT, VvNCED1, VvβG1, VviHyd1, VviHyd2) were analyzed. In both years anthocyanin concentration was lower in RDI at the west side (RDIW- the hottest one) from véraison onwards, suggesting that the most severe water stress conditions exacerbated the negative impact of high temperature on anthocyanin. The down-regulation of VviUFGT expression revealed a repression of the anthocyanin synthesis in berries of RDIW, at early stages of berry ripening. At full-maturation, anthocyanin degradation products were detected, being highest at RDIW. This suggests that the negative impact of water stress and high temperature on anthocyanins results from the repression of biosynthesis at the onset of ripening and from degradation at later stages. On the other hand, berries grown under SDI displayed a higher content in phenolics than those under RDI, pointing out for the attenuation of the negative temperature effects under SDI. Irrigation regime and berry position had small effect on free-ABA concentration. However, ABA catabolism/conjugation process and ABA biosynthetic pathway were affected by water and heat stresses. This indicates the role of ABA-GE and catabolites in berry ABA homeostasis under abiotic stresses. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the strongest influence in berry ripening is the deficit irrigation regime, while temperature is an important variable determining the improvement or impairment of berry quality by the deficit irrigation regime. In summary, this work shows the interaction between irrigation regime and high temperature on the control of berry ripening.
Highlights
The effect of water stress on grape berry ripening and quality has been extensively investigated during the last decades
Water applied in Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) treatment from pea-size berry to full maturation was similar in both years, while Sustained Deficit Irrigation (SDI) treated-plants in 2014 received ∼65% of water than in 2013 (Supplementary Table 1)
The accumulated stress from véraison to full maturation was similar in both years in RDI treatment, while accumulated stress in SDI treatment in 2014 was 1.5 times higher than in 2013 (Table 1)
Summary
The effect of water stress on grape berry ripening and quality has been extensively investigated during the last decades (for reviews, see Chaves et al, 2010; Kuhn et al, 2013). More recently water deficit was shown to profoundly alter berry secondary metabolism, of flavonoids, greatly regulating the ripening process (development and composition) (Castellarin et al, 2007a,b). It was shown that pre-véraison water stress promotes the accumulation of anthocyanins, as a consequence of both reduced berry development and enhanced expression of flavonoid genes, leading (Basile et al, 2011; Intrigliolo et al, 2012; Romero et al, 2013) to earlier grape ripening (Castellarin et al, 2007a,b). Water stress imposed at post-véraison just increased the proportion of seeds and skin relative to whole-berry fresh mass, without significant effects on secondary metabolism (Roby and Matthews, 2004)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
